Impact of Melt-Processing Strategy on Structural and Mechanical Properties: Clay-Containing Polypropylene Nanocomposites

Morajane, Dimakatso; Ray, Suprakas Sinha; Bandyopadhyay, Jayita; Ojijo, Vincent

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97779-9_5

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It is well-known that the dispersion of nanoclay in the polymer matrix depends on the surface peeling, followed by polymer chains diffusion into the nanoclay galleries [8]. The methods commonly employed to facilitate intercalation/exfoliation of the clay and maximize its interfacial contact with the polymer matrix include adding compatibilizers such as maleic anhydride grafted polymer; dimethyl maleate grafted polymer, as well as the surface modifications/treatments [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13]. This can significantly affect the matrix morphology and usually leads to proper clay intercalation instead of exfoliation [10,11,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PP/organoclay nanocomposites for fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing

Aumnate¹,

Limpanart²,

Soatthiyanon³

et al. 2019

Express Polym. Lett.

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3D printing has attracted a lot of attention over the past three decades. In particular the Fuse Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique, general materials require low shrinkage during cooling and viscous behavior during extrusion through a nozzle. Semi-crystalline thermoplastics and their composites are of the relevance of new materials for 3D printing. However, the crystalline structures, for instance, may have a favorable impact on their printability. In this study, polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by melt extrusion using a twin-screw extruder. The effects of organoclay on the thermal, rheological and morphological properties were studied to evaluate the possibility of using the polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites as the FFF 3D printing feedstock. Dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (D18) was successfully used to modify the clay surfaces, providing a good dispersity and wettability of organoclay in the PP matrix.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PP/organoclay nanocomposites for fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing

Aumnate¹,

Limpanart²,

Soatthiyanon³

et al. 2019

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…PP has been melt blended with clays [ 19 , 20 , 21 ], CaCO 3 [ 8 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], talc [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], mica [ 30 , 31 ], kaolin [ 28 , 32 , 33 , 34 ], and other mineral fillers [ 35 , 36 ] typically used in the polymer composites industry. Talc and CaCO 3 are among the most preferred fillers used to produce PP compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Polypropylene–Calcium Sulfate (Anhydrite II) Composites: The Key Role of Zinc Ionomers via Reactive Extrusion

et al. 2023

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Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most versatile polymers widely used in packaging, textiles, automotive, and electrical applications. Melt blending of PP with micro- and/or nano-fillers is a common approach for obtaining specific end-use characteristics and major enhancements of properties. The study aims to develop high-performance composites by filling PP with CaSO4 β-anhydrite II (AII) issued from natural gypsum. The effects of the addition of up to 40 wt.% AII into PP matrix have been deeply evaluated in terms of morphology, mechanical and thermal properties. The PP–AII composites (without any modifier) as produced with internal mixers showed enhanced thermal stability and stiffness. At high filler loadings (40% AII), there was a significant decrease in tensile strength and impact resistance; therefore, custom formulations with special reactive modifiers/compatibilizers (PP functionalized/grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) and zinc diacrylate (ZnDA)) were developed. The study revealed that the addition of only 2% ZnDA (able to induce ionomeric character) leads to PP–AII composites characterized by improved kinetics of crystallization, remarkable thermal stability, and enhanced mechanical properties, i.e., high tensile strength, rigidity, and even rise in impact resistance. The formation of Zn ionomers and dynamic ionic crosslinks, finer dispersion of AII microparticles, and better compatibility within the polyolefinic matrix allow us to explain the recorded increase in properties. Interestingly, the PP–AII composites also exhibited significant improvements in the elastic behavior under dynamic mechanical stress and of the heat deflection temperature (HDT), thus paving the way for engineering applications. Larger experimental trials have been conducted to produce the most promising composite materials by reactive extrusion (REx) on twin-screw extruders, while evaluating their performances through various methods of analysis and processing.

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“…The mineral-filled PP composites can offer enhancements over unfilled PP (homopolymers or copolymers) in properties such as stiffness, thermal and dimensional stability, heat deflection at higher temperatures, etc., and in many cases, better processing and cost effectiveness [ 16 ]. To expand the property profile of products, PP has been melt-blended with different mineral fillers: clays [ 17 , 18 ], CaCO 3 [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], talc [ 23 , 24 , 25 ], mica [ 26 , 27 ], kaolin [ 25 , 28 , 29 ], barium sulfate [ 30 ], etc. Nonetheless, only a limited number of laboratory-scale studies have considered the use of synthetic CaSO 4 (abbreviated after this CS) [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balancing the Strength–Impact Relationship and Other Key Properties in Polypropylene Copolymer–Natural CaSO4 (Anhydrite)-Filled Composites

Murariu

Laoutid

Paint

et al. 2023

IJMS

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To develop novel mineral-filled composites and assess their enhanced properties (stiffness, a good balance between mechanical strength and impact resistance, greater temperature stability), a high-impact polypropylene copolymer (PPc) matrix containing an elastomeric discrete phase was melt mixed with natural CaSO4 β-anhydrite II (AII) produced from gypsum rocks. First, in a prior investigation, the PPc composites filled with AII (without any modification) displayed enhanced stiffness, which is correlated with the relative content of the filler. The tensile and impact strengths dramatically decreased, especially at high filling (40 wt.%). Therefore, two key methods were considered to tune up their properties: (a) the ionomeric modification of PPc composites by reactive extrusion (REx) with zinc diacrylate (ZA), and (b) the melt mixing of PPc with AII surface modified with ethylenebis(stearamide) (EBS), which is a multifunctional processing/dispersant additive. The properties of composites produced with twin-screw extruders (TSEs) were deeply assessed in terms of morphology, mechanical, and thermal performance, including characterizations under dynamic mechanical solicitations at low and high temperatures. Two categories of products with distinct properties are obtained. The ionomeric modification by Rex (evaluated by FTIR) led to composites characterized by remarkable thermal stability, a higher temperature of crystallization, stronger interfacial interactions, and therefore noticeable mechanical properties (high tensile strength (i.e., 28 MPa), increased stiffness, moderate (3.3 kJ/m2) to good (5.0 kJ/m2) impact resistance) as well as advanced heat deflection temperature (HDT). On the other hand, the surface modification of AII with EBS facilitated the dispersion and debonding of microparticles, leading to composites revealing improved ductility (strain at break from 50% to 260%) and enhanced impact properties (4.3–5.3 kJ/m2), even at high filling. Characterized by notable mechanical and thermal performances, high whiteness, and a good processing ability, these new PPc–AII composites may be tailored to meet the requirements of end-use applications, ranging from packaging to automotive components.

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Impact of Melt-Processing Strategy on Structural and Mechanical Properties: Clay-Containing Polypropylene Nanocomposites

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

PP/organoclay nanocomposites for fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing

PP/organoclay nanocomposites for fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing

Engineering Polypropylene–Calcium Sulfate (Anhydrite II) Composites: The Key Role of Zinc Ionomers via Reactive Extrusion

Balancing the Strength–Impact Relationship and Other Key Properties in Polypropylene Copolymer–Natural CaSO4 (Anhydrite)-Filled Composites

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