Impact of Microbiome on Ocular Health

Kugadas, Abirami; Gadjeva, Mihaela

doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2016.04.004

Cited by 113 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…For example, whereas human saliva yields 10 6 −10 8 CFUs/mL 90 , human tear fluid yields as low as 10 2 −10 3 CFUs/mL 91 . Furthermore, Gadjeva pointed out that other work using 16S rRNA sequencing does not indicate whether these data represent live bacterial colonization or instead transiently existing live or dead bacteria 89 .…”

Section: Eye Immune Privilege Breach and The Mpsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…However, for reasons not understood, the surface of the normal eye has an extraordinarily low density and diversity of commensal bacteria, which is dissimilar to any other barrier site (reviewed in Ref 89 ). For example, whereas human saliva yields 10 6 −10 8 CFUs/mL 90 , human tear fluid yields as low as 10 2 −10 3 CFUs/mL 91 .…”

Section: Eye Immune Privilege Breach and The Mpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New insights into mononuclear phagocyte biology from the visual system

2017

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Major advances in mononuclear phagocyte biology have been realized, yet key questions pertinent to health and disease remain, including in the visual system. One problem concerns how dendritic cells can trigger immune responses from certain tightly regulated immune privileged sites of the eye. Another, albeit separate, problem involves whether functional specializations exist for microglia versus monocytes in neurodegenerating retinas. We examine novel insights in eye immune privilege and, separately, review recent inroads concerning retinal degeneration. Both themes have been extensively studied in the visual system, and exhibit parallels highlighted here with recent findings in CNS mononuclear phagocytes and in the periphery.

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Section: Eye Immune Privilege Breach and The Mpsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Eye Immune Privilege Breach and The Mpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into mononuclear phagocyte biology from the visual system

2017

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“…However, ocular infections are not as common as could be expected from this permanent exposure. In fact, ocular pathogens in order to succeed have to compete with the endogenous bacterial strains of the ocular surface [33], and escape from the defense proteins present in the tear film [34]. The main proteins of this class that are synthesized by cells residing in the eye are Lf, lysozyme, immunoglobulin-A and tear lipocalins [34].…”

Section: The Role Of Lactoferrin In the Tear Filmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Dry Eye Lactoferrin and Lactobionic Acid

Rusciano¹,

Pezzino²,

Olivieri³

et al. 2018

Ophthalmic Res

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Dry eye is the most prominent pathology among those involving the ocular surface: a decrease of the aqueous (less frequent) or the lipid (more frequent) component of the tear film is the cause of the diminished stability of tears that is observed in this pathology. Dry eye shows a clear distribution linked to both sex (being more frequent among women) and age (increasing with aging). Therefore, specific treatments taking into account the etiology of the disease would be desired. The role of lactoferrin and its functional mimetic lactobionic acid are reported here as a possible remedy for age-related dry eye.

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“…The surface of the eye is continuously exposed to the environment along with a vast array of organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa) that inhabit such environs. However, despite the exposure, the ocular surface yields a low positive bacterial culture . Reports from canine conjunctival cultures on healthy eyes are negative 39% to 78% of the time .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Common Gram‐negative isolates include Neisseria spp., Moraxella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia coli . Regardless, the vast majority of existing microbial species have never been grown in the laboratory despite an ample variety of agars, media, and culture techniques and conditions . Ex vivo culture of an organism, to identify it and determine antimicrobial susceptibility, is thus inherently limited by the range of organisms that will actively grow in laboratory culture conditions .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Veterinary ocular microbiome: Lessons learned beyond the culture

Banks

Ericsson

Reinero

et al. 2019

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Ocular pathogens cause many painful and vision‐threatening diseases such as infectious keratitis, uveitis, and endophthalmitis. While virulent pathogens and pathobionts play important roles in disease pathogenesis, the scientific community has long assumed disruption of the ocular surface occurs prior to microbial colonization and subsequent infection. While nonpathogenic bacteria are often detected in corneal and conjunctival cultures from healthy eyes, cultures also frequently fail to yield growth of common ocular pathogens or nonpathogenic bacteria. This prompts the following question: Is the ocular surface populated by a stable microbial population that cannot be detected using standard culture techniques? The study of the microbiome has recently become a widespread focus in physician and veterinary medicine. Research suggests a pivotal symbiotic relationship with these microbes to maintain healthy host tissues, and when altered is associated with various disease states (“dysbiosis”). The microbiota that lives within and on mammalian bodies have long been known to influence health and susceptibility to infection. However, limitations of traditional culture methods have resulted in an incomplete understanding of what many now call the “forgotten organ,” that is, the microbiome. With the introduction of high‐throughput sequencing, physician ophthalmology has recognized an ocular surface with much more diverse microbial communities than suspected based on traditional culture. This article reviews the salient features of the ocular surface microbiome and highlights important future applications following the advent of molecular techniques for microbial identification, including characterizing ocular surface microbiomes in our veterinary species and their potential role in management of infectious and inflammatory ocular diseases.

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Impact of Microbiome on Ocular Health

Cited by 113 publications

References 55 publications

New insights into mononuclear phagocyte biology from the visual system

New insights into mononuclear phagocyte biology from the visual system

Age-Related Dry Eye Lactoferrin and Lactobionic Acid

Veterinary ocular microbiome: Lessons learned beyond the culture

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