Impact of Motivation for Eating Habits, Appetite and Food Satisfaction, and Food Consciousness on Food Intake and Weight Loss in Older Nursing Home Patients

Abstract

Background: This study analyzed data from the Long-term care Information system For Evidence (LIFE) database to examine the effects of motivation to eat, appetite and food satisfaction, and food consciousness on food intake and weight loss.Methods: Of the 748 nursing home residents enrolled in the LIFE database, 336 met the eligibility criteria for this cross-sectional study. Motivation to eat, appetite and food satisfaction, and food consciousness were rated on five-point Likert scales (e.g., good, fair, normal, not so good, and not good). We applied Spearman rank correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses to analyze the relationships between these three items, daily energy and protein intake, and body weight loss over 6 months.Results: The mean participant age was 87.4±8.1 years and 259 (77%) were female. The required levels of care included—level 1, 1 (0%); level 2, 4 (1%); level 3, 107 (32%); level 4, 135 (40%); and level 5, 89 (27%). The mean daily energy intake was 28.2±7.8 kcal/kg. The mean daily protein intake was 1.1±0.3 g/kg. The mean weight loss over six months was 1.2±0.7 kg. We observed strong positive correlations among motivation to eat, appetite and food satisfaction, and food consciousness (r>0.8). These three items were significantly associated with higher daily energy intake but not with daily protein intake. Only appetite and food satisfaction were significantly associated with lower weight loss over six months.Conclusion: The observed associations of appetite and food satisfaction suggest that these factors may be more important to assess than motivation to eat or food consciousness among older adult residents of long-term care facilities.