Impact of multi-drug resistant bacteria on economic and clinical outcomes of healthcare-associated infections in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Infections with multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in hospital settings have substantial implications in terms of clinical and economic outcomes. However, due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity, estimates about the attributable economic and clinical effects of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) due to MDR microorganisms (MDR HAI) remain unclear. The objective was to review and synthesize the evidence on the impact of MDR HAI in adults on hospital costs, length of stay, and mortality at discharge. Methods and findings Literature searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases to select studies that evaluated the impact of MDR HAI on economic and clinical outcomes. Eligible studies were conducted in adults, in order to ensure homogeneity of populations, used propensity score matched cohorts or included explicit confounding control, and had confirmed antibiotic susceptibility testing. Risk of bias was evaluated, and effects were measured with ratios of means (ROM) for cost and length of stay, and risk ratios (RR) for mortality. A systematic search was performed on 14 th March 2019, rerun on the 10 th of June 2019 and extended the 3 rd of September 2019. Small effect sizes were assessed by examination of funnel plots. Sixteen articles (6,122 patients with MDR HAI and 8,326 patients with non-MDR HAI) were included in the systematic review of which 12 articles assessed cost, 19 articles length of stay, and 14 mortality. Compared to susceptible infections, MDR HAI were associated with increased cost (

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Seeds against Selected Diarrhoea-Causing Superbug Bacteria

“…The positive findings obtained in this study provide hope for the development of novel antimicrobials with cheap production costs from plants against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa as outlined in the sixty-eighth World Health Assembly [ 18 ]. This will lower the mortality rates and economic impact associated with these drug-resistant infections in most developing countries [ 52 , 53 ]. Moreover, several studies have established evidence that the major causes of fatal diarrhoea and bacteria-associated enterocolitis included methicillin-resistant S. aureus [ 54 ] and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa [ 55 , 56 ]; however, our study findings have shown effectiveness of the crude seed extracts of A. heterophyllus against these same superbugs making it a suitable and cheap alternative remedy to be used in treatment .…”

Antibiotic-Resistant and Non-Resistant Bacteria Display Similar Susceptibility to Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma

“…The growing risk of disease from antibiotic-resistant bacteria is now a global public health concern [ 18 ]. The spread of antibiotic resistance is caused, in part, from the extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics, which leads to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.…”

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