Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study)

Urbina, Elaine M.; Srinivasan, Sathanur R.; Tang, Rong; Bond, M. Gene; Kieltyka, Lyn; Berenson, Gerald S.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02660-7

Cited by 205 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…7,8 Images of the right and left common carotid (CCA), carotid bulb, and internal carotid (ICA) arterial segments were acquired using a Toshiba SonoLayer SSH 160A (Toshiba Medical) ultrasound system and a 7.5-MHz linear array transducer. Carotid arterial segments were imaged and measured following previously described protocols developed for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities studies (ARIC).…”

Section: Study Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carotid arterial segments were imaged and measured following previously described protocols developed for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities studies (ARIC). 8,9 A single certified reader conducted measurements using a semi-automated program. 8,9 Fifty-four subjects underwent repeat CIMT examination within 10 to 12 days to determine repeatability.…”

Section: Study Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8,9 A single certified reader conducted measurements using a semi-automated program. 8,9 Fifty-four subjects underwent repeat CIMT examination within 10 to 12 days to determine repeatability. The mean absolute value of the difference of repeated measures was 0.06 [0.05] mm (median 0.04) for the mean CIMT of all 6 segments.…”

Section: Study Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution and Cross-Sectional Age-Related Increases of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Young Adults

Stein

Douglas

Srinivasan

et al. 2004

Stroke

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Background and Purpose-Reference values and age-related changes of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) have not been described in a community-based sample of young asymptomatic adults. CIMT measurements from the Bogalusa Heart Study, a study of the natural history of atherosclerosis in young adults and children, were used to characterize age-, race-, and sex-specific CIMT distributions and yearly rates of change. Methods-Age-, sex-, and race-specific CIMT percentile values and cross-sectional changes with age were estimated using B-mode carotid ultrasound images from 519 young adults (mean age 32 years, 61% female, 29% black). Nomograms of CIMT percentiles between the ages of 25 and 40 years are provided in 5-year increments. Results-CIMT was thickest in the carotid bulb and increased linearly with age, most rapidly in the bulb. With age, composite CIMT increased most slowly in white females and most rapidly in white males. Sample size estimates projected that 268 to 462 subjects are needed to detect CIMT changes Ն0.010 mm/year. Conclusions-These estimated CIMT distributions and percentiles can serve as reference values for assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults. The observed age-related differences in CIMT can be used to plan epidemiological and clinical trials investigating atherosclerosis and anti-atherosclerotic interventions.

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Section: Study Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution and Cross-Sectional Age-Related Increases of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Young Adults

Stein

Douglas

Srinivasan

et al. 2004

Stroke

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“…35,36 CIMT is correlated with adult BMI 37,38 and recent studies have suggested that it is also associated with childhood BMI. However, this systematic review only found two studies, which show a positive independent association between childhood BMI Childhood obesity and adult CVD LJ Lloyd et al and adult CIMT.…”

Section: Carotid-intima Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review

2009

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Background: Although the relationship between adult obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been shown, the relationship with childhood obesity remains unclear. Given the evidence of tracking of body mass index (BMI) from childhood to adulthood, this systematic review investigated the independent relationship between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk. Objective: To investigate the association between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk, and whether the associations observed are independent of adult BMI. Design: Electronic databases were searched from inception until July 2008 for studies investigating the association between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk. Two investigators independently reviewed studies for eligibility according to inclusion/ exclusion criteria, extracted the data and assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Positive associations between childhood BMI and adult blood pressure or carotid intima-media thickness were generally attenuated once adjusted for adult BMI. Associations between childhood BMI and CVD morbidity/mortality had not been adjusted and do not provide evidence of an independent relationship. Negative associations between childhood BMI and blood pressure were observed in several adjusted data sets. Conclusions: Little evidence was found to suggest that childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD risk. Instead, the data suggest that relationships observed are dependent on the tracking of BMI from childhood to adulthood. Importantly, evidence suggests that risk of raised blood pressure is highest in those who are at the lower end of the BMI scale in childhood and overweight in adulthood. The findings challenge the widely accepted view that the presence of childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD and that this period should be a priority for public health intervention. Although interventions during childhood may be important in prevention of adult obesity, it is important to avoid the potential for negative consequences when the timing coincides with critical stages of neurological, behavioural and physical development.

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“…The Bogalusa Heart Study has noted associations of paediatric obesity and associated risk factors with increased carotid intima-media thickness (13)(14)(15) and impaired brachial artery distensibility using ultrasound (16). The Muscatine study (17)(18)(19)(20), another paediatric population-based study, showed associations between increasing BMI and increasing coronary artery calcification using electron beam computed tomography, as well as increasing carotid intima-media thickness.…”

Section: Markers Of Atherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular consequences of paediatric obesity: Will there be a future epidemic of premature cardiovascular disease?

McCrindle

2007

Paediatrics and Child Health

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T here can be no doubt that there is a worldwide epidemic of overweight and obese children; despite an increasing amount of attention directed at the issue, the problem is worsening. Canadian statistics suggest that the prevalence of overweight is rising faster in youth than in adults (1,2). This trend may represent a more global phenomenon (3). There is also no doubt that the causes of the problem are complex and multifactorial. No single intervention can be expected to reverse these trends, and the role and impact of health care providers remains unclear. While there are important personal and societal costs, the health care system is already starting to feel the burden, even among children. Hampl et al (4) examined health care utilization and expenditures using an administrative database, and noted greater health care expenditures for obese youth, without the recognition by health care providers that the youth were obese. Paediatric health care providers may routinely listen for heart murmurs and meticulously plot height and weight percentiles, but may still not recognize or initiate discussion and intervention regarding a child's increasing adiposity or recognize the fact that children today are probably more than 500 times more likely to die from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease than from congenital cardiac malformations during their lifetime. The body of evidence from which the epidemic of childhood obesity can be predicted to translate into a future epidemic of premature cardiovascular disease is great and compelling. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORSIncreasing adiposity in children is accompanied by metabolic derangements that manifest as a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors (5). While there is debate as to the underlying mechanisms, there is an increasing risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, hypertension and lipid abnormalities. Lipid abnormalities include a triad of lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, higher triglycerides and the presence of more atherogenic small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol particles. From large-scale, longitudinal epidemiological studies, such as the Bogalusa Heart Study (6), there is strong evidence that childhood obesity is associated with a greater prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, a problem that tracks into adulthood. For children with a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile, the majority will have at least one cardiovascular risk factor (6). It has been shown that most overweight youth become obese adults, and that this persistence of obesity is associated with a worsening of cardiovascular risk factors (7). A more recent study has suggested that children with a BMI at or above the 99th percentile are at the greatest risk, with 59% having at least two cardiovascular risk factors and 88% going on to have a BMI in adulthood of at least 35 kg/m 2 (8). PATHOLOGY STUDIES OF ATHEROSCLEROSISAutopsy evidence of early atherosclerotic lesions, such as fatty streaks and fibrous plaques, can be identified, quantified and re...

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Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study)

Cited by 205 publications

References 21 publications

Distribution and Cross-Sectional Age-Related Increases of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Young Adults

Distribution and Cross-Sectional Age-Related Increases of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Young Adults

Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review

Cardiovascular consequences of paediatric obesity: Will there be a future epidemic of premature cardiovascular disease?

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