Impact of multiple small and persistent threats on extinction risk

Kimmel, Kaitlin; Clark, Michael; Tilman, David

doi:10.1111/cobi.13901

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…( 25 ) considered projected oil palm expansion to assess range loss of primates across Africa. As captured in the human footprint index (HFI), threats are not perturbing species in isolation but instead can operate synergistically across scales ( 26 , 27 ). Mapping HFI or other threats is particularly promising for species of conservation concern to understand current and future risks ( 28 , 29 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Socio-ecological gap analysis to forecast species range contractions for conservation

Harris

Murphy

Green

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Conservation requires both a needs assessment and prioritization scheme for planning and implementation. Range maps are critical for understanding and conserving biodiversity, but current range maps often omit content, negating important metrics of variation in populations and places. Here, we integrate a myriad of conditions that are spatially explicit across distributions of carnivores to identify gaps in capacity necessary for their conservation. Expanding on traditional gap analyses that focus almost exclusively on quantifying discordance in protected area coverage across a species’ range, our work aggregates threat layers (e.g., drought, human pressures) with resources layers (e.g., protected areas, cultural diversity) to identify gaps in available conservation capacity (ACC) across ranges for 91 African carnivores. Our model indicated that all species have some portion of their range at risk of contraction, with an average of 15 percentage range loss. We found that the ACC differed based on body size and taxonomy. Results deviated from current perceptions of extinction risks for species with an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat status of Least Concern and yielded insights for species categorized as Data Deficient. Our socio-ecological gap analysis presents a geospatial approach to inform decision-making and resource allocation in conservation. Ultimately, our work advances forecasting dynamics of species’ ranges that are increasingly vital in an era of great socio-ecological change to mitigate human–wildlife conflict and promote inclusive carnivore conservation across geographies.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-ecological gap analysis to forecast species range contractions for conservation

Harris

Murphy

Green

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Consensus is emerging that anthropogenic threats act in combination to impact birds and overall biodiversity (Brook et al 2008, Isbell et al 2022, Kimmel et al 2022). Migrating birds are exposed to multiple anthropogenic factors en route and often encounter several threats simultaneously (Figure 3).…”

Section: Interacting Threatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although threats are often studied in isolation, they can interact with one another to produce synergistic effects (Dutta 2017, Mahon et al 2019, Norris et al 2021, Richard et al 2021), which may be lethal or nonlethal (Kummer et al 2016, Winger et al 2019, Van Doren et al 2021, Rebolo-Ifrán et al 2021). Synergistic effects of multiple anthropogenic threats during migratory periods remain understudied (Dutta 2017, Richard et al 2021), yet the repetition, combination, and interaction of even seemingly minor threats can substantially increase the extinction risk of wildlife populations (Kimmel et al 2022), demonstrating that these effects must not be overlooked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

More than mortality: Consequences of human activity on migrating birds extend beyond direct mortality

Nemes

Cabrera‐Cruz

Anderson

et al. 2023

Ornithological Applications

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Birds must contend with an array of anthropogenic threats during their migratory journeys. Many migrants are killed due to encounters with artificial light, introduced species, pollutants, and other anthropogenic hazards, while survivors of these encounters can suffer longer-lasting negative effects. The nonlethal effects of anthropogenic threats on migrating birds are less well understood than direct mortality, yet both potentially contribute to population declines. For example, building collisions frequently kill migrating birds, but the numbers of migrants that survive with an impaired ability to fly, refuel, or navigate to their destination on time is not well understood. Though not immediately fatal, such injuries can lead to delayed mortality and, ultimately, reduced lifetime reproductive success. Furthermore, migrants are likely to encounter multiple threats on their journeys, which can interact synergistically to further reduce fitness. For instance, light pollution attracts and disorients migrants, increasing the likelihood of window strikes, and surviving birds may be more vulnerable to predation from introduced predators. While considerable attention has focused on the lethal effects of anthropogenic threats, here, we review nonlethal effects of 8 types of threats during migration, their interactions, and the pathways through which they can exert fitness costs. In doing so, we identify knowledge gaps and suggest areas for future research. In the absence of more information, we propose that the greatest reduction in the cumulative lethal and nonlethal impacts of anthropogenic hazards will be achieved by addressing threat types, like artificial light at night, that interact with and compound the impact of additional threats. Direct mortality from anthropogenic sources is recognized as a key driver of population declines, but a full understanding of the impacts of human activity on migrating birds must include the cumulative and interacting effects that extend beyond immediate mortality en route to influence overall migration success and lifetime fitness.

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“…This might explain the extirpation of populations from areas still holding sizable natural patches and the association of remnant populations with core areas of habitat patches, likely less accessible to hunters. Moreover, we expect that habitat loss and hunting act as interacting drivers of population decline, which greatly elevate the likelihood of extinction (Kimmel et al, 2022). For example, individuals https://doi.org/10.1017/ext.2022.2 Published online by Cambridge University Press are likely to be more exposed in agricultural lands and fragmented habitats, which is likely to increase hunting pressure (Romero-Muñoz et al, 2019).…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining priority areas for conservation of poorly known species: A case study of the endemic Brazilian three-banded armadillo

Feijó

Magalhães

Bocchiglieri

et al. 2023

Camb. prisms Extinction

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Here, we combine a set of methodological approaches to define priority areas for proactive and reactive conservation management of poorly known species. We used the Brazilian endemic three-banded armadillo as a case study, a species once thought to be extinct in the wild and currently known by a few dozen records in northeastern Brazil.Our framework integrating species distribution and connectivity models revealed key habitats and ecological conditions dictating the species distribution and identified main corridors for connecting the remaining populations. Assessing habitat loss across the species range using high-resolution historical land cover data, we found that nearly 6 million hectares of natural vegetation were converted to pasture and agriculture in the past 35 years. In addition, we show that the few known remnant populations of the threebanded armadillo are closely associated with remnant core areas of savanna and grassland, while historical records, reflecting populations now extirpated, were concentrated in areas facing severe habitat loss. Therefore, well-preserved natural vegetation remnants are key to ensuring the species' long-term survival. Based on our multiple findings, we highlight priority areas for resource allocation and conservation actions that can restore connectivity and ultimately benefit other open-dweller species.Our study shows how informed conservation actions can be delineated for threatened species with only limited presence-data records available, a method that can be readily replicated for other poorly known species.

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Impact of multiple small and persistent threats on extinction risk

Cited by 13 publications

References 80 publications

Socio-ecological gap analysis to forecast species range contractions for conservation

Socio-ecological gap analysis to forecast species range contractions for conservation

More than mortality: Consequences of human activity on migrating birds extend beyond direct mortality

Defining priority areas for conservation of poorly known species: A case study of the endemic Brazilian three-banded armadillo

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