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When liquid drops impact on solid surfaces, an air layer forms in between the drop and the surface, acting as a cushion to mitigate the impact. In this work, we focus on delineating the bounce and contact mode regimes of impacting drops on smooth surfaces, specifically discerning whether drops rebound from the air layer or make contact with the solid surfaces, and pinpointing the precise contact modes between the drop and solid surfaces by resolving the gas film evolution and rupture. Our simulation model incorporates gas kinetics and electrostatics effects, both of which have been validated by experiments documented in the literature or theoretical models regarding thin film instabilities. We undertake a comprehensive review and categorization of the contact modes and elucidate how they change under different conditions of impact velocities, ambient pressures, and electric field intensities. We also provide some perspectives on the regime map for the lubricated surfaces, which contains an unresolved issue that the critical Weber number for bouncing-wetting transition is significantly reduced compared to the solid smooth surfaces like mica. These insights have noteworthy practical implications offering guidance for a wide range of scenarios, from normal-pressure environments to low-pressure conditions at high altitudes, encompassing high electric field conditions such as nanogenerators as well as low electric field conditions resembling glass surfaces with static electricity.
When liquid drops impact on solid surfaces, an air layer forms in between the drop and the surface, acting as a cushion to mitigate the impact. In this work, we focus on delineating the bounce and contact mode regimes of impacting drops on smooth surfaces, specifically discerning whether drops rebound from the air layer or make contact with the solid surfaces, and pinpointing the precise contact modes between the drop and solid surfaces by resolving the gas film evolution and rupture. Our simulation model incorporates gas kinetics and electrostatics effects, both of which have been validated by experiments documented in the literature or theoretical models regarding thin film instabilities. We undertake a comprehensive review and categorization of the contact modes and elucidate how they change under different conditions of impact velocities, ambient pressures, and electric field intensities. We also provide some perspectives on the regime map for the lubricated surfaces, which contains an unresolved issue that the critical Weber number for bouncing-wetting transition is significantly reduced compared to the solid smooth surfaces like mica. These insights have noteworthy practical implications offering guidance for a wide range of scenarios, from normal-pressure environments to low-pressure conditions at high altitudes, encompassing high electric field conditions such as nanogenerators as well as low electric field conditions resembling glass surfaces with static electricity.
Due to its scientific significance and practical applications, the common natural phenomena of drops impacting on inclined surfaces have attracted extensive attention. Previous research has primarily reported the distinct morphology and dynamic behavior of drops impacting on inclined superhydrophobic surfaces compared to the impact on the horizontal scenarios. One distinguished feature of drop impingement on inclined surfaces is the asymmetric shapes of the drop, which accounts for different underlying physics compared to the impacts on horizontal surfaces. However, the impact forces exerted by the inclined surface during impingement have remained unknown. In this study, we present a direct measurement of the normal impact force of drops on inclined superhydrophobic surfaces using a high-precision force sensor. We observe the temporal evolution of the force and identify two peak forces occurring during the spreading and retraction stages, respectively. Our findings lie on investigating the variation of these two peak forces with the normal Weber number, based on scaling arguments. We reveal that the asymmetrical morphology of the drop must be taken into account especially in the scenarios of large impact velocities and large tilt angles to revise the theoretical model of the second peak force. The physics reported in this work sheds new light on the impingement of drops.
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