Impact of Nord Stream 2 and LNG on gas trade and security of supply in the European gas network of 2030

Propane-Precooled Mixed Refrigerant (C3MR) and Single Mixed Refrigerant (SMR) processes are considered as optimal choices for onshore and offshore natural gas liquefaction, respectively. However, from thermodynamics point of view, these processes are still far away from their maximum achievable energy efficiency due to nonoptimal execution of the design variables. Therefore, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) production is considered as one of the energy-intensive cryogenic industries. In this context, this study examines a single-solution-based Vortex Search (VS) approach to find the optimal design variables corresponding to minimal energy consumption for LNG processes, i.e., C3MR and SMR. The LNG processes are simulated using Aspen Hysys and then linked with VS algorithm, which is coded in MATLAB. The results indicated that the SMR process is a potential process for offshore sites that can liquefy natural gas with 16.1% less energy consumption compared with the published base case. Whereas, for onshore LNG production, the energy consumption for the C3MR process is reduced up to 27.8% when compared with the previously published base case. The optimal designs of the SMR and C3MR processes are also found via distinctive well-established optimization approaches (i.e., genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization) and their performance is compared with that of the VS methodology. The authors believe this work will greatly help the process engineers overcome the challenges relating to the energy efficiency of LNG industry, as well as other mixed refrigerant-based cryogenic processes.

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“…Since the overall objective function is formed by combining the required power and constraint as specified in Equations (6) and 7as follows:…”

Section: Constraint Handling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NG is the cleanest fuel with least contribution to climate change and air pollution [4,5]. As a result, a significant shift from coal to NG has been witnessed worldwide [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Solution-Based Vortex Search Strategy for Optimal Design of Offshore and Onshore Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes

et al. 2020

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“…The gas demand is modeled at hourly resolution for the consumer sectors of households, industry, commerce and power generation and is allocated to the nodes of the gas network using the spatial distribution of each consumer sector. More information about the gas demand model can be found in (Eser et al, 2018).…”

Section: Bottom-up Modeling Of the European Gas Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With this approach, the gas system model represents the gas traders' behaviour in choosing between different import sources of natural gas. More detailed information about the gas system simulation framework can be found in (Eser et al, 2018).…”

Section: Figure 2 -Model Of Gas Pipelines Network Nodes and Lng Termmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This means that significantly more Russian gas is available in central and western Europe by 2030, which increases the competitiveness of the European gas market for LNG exporters. The scenario assumptions for the 2030 European gas system are explained in more detail by the present authors in (Eser et al, 2018).…”

Section: Scenarios For Europe's Gas System In 2030mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Trends in Global LNG Supply and Demand on the European Gas Market in 2030

Eser¹,

Chokani²,

Abhari³

2019

GPPS Zurich19

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The increased imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) are one possible way for the EU to diversify its natural gas supply by 2030. However, as LNG is a globally traded commodity of limited abundance, other consumers' trends in LNG demand will impact the price and availability of LNG in Europe. This work couples a global LNG trade model to a high-resolution gas system model of the real European gas network to quantitatively assess the impact of possible different trends in global LNG supply and demand on the European gas market in 2030. It is found that by 2030, LNG from USA replaces Qatari LNG in the European gas market, while Qatari LNG supplies the increasing LNG demand in Asia. Due to the limited abundance of LNG supplies in 2030, the market penetration of Russian pipeline gas in Europe is found to increase by 50% compared to 2016. Further, it is found that the market share of LNG in the European gas market of 2030 is highly price sensitive, with a 10% reduction in LNG price leading to a doubling in market share. Such a 10% reduction in LNG prices is found to occur, if LNG demand in Asia is half that which is currently anticipated. This underlines the dependence of an LNG supply in Europe to trends in other markets of the world. Therefore contrary to general opinion, a strategy that relies on increased LNG imports is not necessarily politically less risky than a strategy that relies on increased imports of pipeline gas.

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Tracing the downfall of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline

de Jong

2023

WIREs Energy & Environment

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The Nord Stream 2 pipeline, widely considered as one of the most contentious energy infrastructure projects ever built, has garnered substantial scholarly and media attention over the course of its seven‐year existence. This narrative review examines key publications in different scholarly fields. It also tracks the evolution of the project, with the aim of explaining its ultimate demise. This overview relies on a comprehensive range of scholarly research, analyses, and news reports. First, concerns that dominated the debate on Nord Stream 2 are identified in the literature. This is followed by a detailed examination of the pivotal events—including the Polish regulator's decision, the delayed Danish permit, the revised European Union regulation, and the US sanctions—that contributed to the timing of the construction of the pipeline. Ultimately, Moscow's actions in February 2022 dealt a fatal blow to the project, which was further aggravated by sabotage 7 months later. Taken together, these developments ensured that the Nord Stream 2 pipeline was never utilized, and it currently remains partially damaged and unused at the bottom of the Baltic Sea. Scholars have extensively utilized this project as a lens to explore broader trends, highlighting its significance as a prism for understanding complex (energy) politics.This article is categorized under: Energy and Power Systems > Energy Infrastructure Policy and Economics > Security Policy and Economics > Governance and Regulation Policy and Economics > Energy Transitions

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Impact of Nord Stream 2 and LNG on gas trade and security of supply in the European gas network of 2030

Cited by 69 publications

References 22 publications

Single-Solution-Based Vortex Search Strategy for Optimal Design of Offshore and Onshore Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes

Single-Solution-Based Vortex Search Strategy for Optimal Design of Offshore and Onshore Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes

Impact of Trends in Global LNG Supply and Demand on the European Gas Market in 2030

Tracing the downfall of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline

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