Impact of NR1I2, adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporters genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside compound K in healthy Chinese volunteers

Zhou, Luping; Chen, Lulu; Wang, Yaqin; Huang, Jie; Yang, Guoping; Tan, Zhi‐Rong; Wang, Yicheng; Liao, Jianwei; Zhang, Gan; Hu, Keqi; Li, Zhenyu; Ouyang, Dongsheng

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2018.04.003

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 61 publications

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“…While ABCC4 (rs1751034 and rs1189437) influenced the pharmacokinetic behavior of both CK and its metabolite 20( S )-PPD. Such hereditary variations could thus partially describe the inter-individual variances in the pharmacokinetic behavior of CK [ 31 ].…”

Section: Pharmacokinetics Metabolism and Safety Of Compound Kmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

Sharma

Lee

2020

Biomolecules

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is an herb popular for its medicinal and health properties. Compound K (CK) is a secondary ginsenoside biotransformed from major ginsenosides. Compound K is more bioavailable and soluble than its parent ginsenosides and hence of immense importance. The review summarizes health-promoting in vitro and in vivo studies of CK between 2015 and 2020, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-aging/skin protective, and others. Clinical trial data are minimal and are primarily based on CK-rich fermented ginseng. Besides, numerous preclinical and clinical studies indicating the pharmacokinetic behavior of CK, its parent compound (Rb1), and processed ginseng extracts are also summarized. With the limited evidence available from animal and clinical studies, it can be stated that CK is safe and well-tolerated. However, lower water solubility, membrane permeability, and efflux significantly diminish the efficacy of CK and restrict its clinical application. We found that the use of nanocarriers and cyclodextrin for CK delivery could overcome these limitations as well as improve the health benefits associated with them. However, these derivatives have not been clinically evaluated, thus requiring a safety assessment for human therapy application. Future studies should be aimed at investigating clinical evidence of CK.

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Section: Pharmacokinetics Metabolism and Safety Of Compound Kmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

Sharma

Lee

2020

Biomolecules

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High-density immobilization of a ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase for enhanced food-grade production of minor ginsenosides

Cui

Jeon

et al. 2019

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Use of recombinant glycosidases is a promising approach for the production of minor ginsenosides, e.g., Compound K (CK) and F 1 , which have potential applications in the food industry. However, application of these recombinant enzymes for food-grade preparation of minor ginsenosides are limited by the lack of suitable expression hosts and low productivity. In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 , a GRAS strain that has been used extensively for the industrial-grade production of additives for foodstuffs, was employed to express a novel β-glucosidase (MT619) from Microbacterium testaceum ATCC 15829 with high ginsenoside-transforming activity. A cellulose-binding module was additionally fused to the N-terminus of MT619 for immobilization on cellulose, which is an abundant and safe material. Via one-step immobilization, the fusion protein in cell lysates was efficiently immobilized on regenerated amorphous cellulose at a high density (maximum 984 mg/g cellulose), increasing the enzyme concentration by 286-fold. The concentrated and immobilized enzyme showed strong conversion activities against protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides for the production of CK and F 1 . Using gram-scale ginseng extracts as substrates, the immobilized enzyme produced 7.59 g/L CK and 9.42 g/L F 1 in 24 h. To the best of our knowledge, these are the highest reported product concentrations of CK and F 1 , and this is the first time that a recombinant enzyme has been immobilized on cellulose for the preparation of minor ginsenosides. This safe, convenient, and efficient production method could also be effectively exploited in the preparation of food-processing recombinant enzymes in the pharmaceutical, functional food, and cosmetics industries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00253-019-09951-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Interactions of ginseng with therapeutic drugs

Choi

Song

2019

Arch. Pharm. Res.

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Impact of NR1I2, adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporters genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside compound K in healthy Chinese volunteers

Cited by 8 publications

References 61 publications

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

High-density immobilization of a ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase for enhanced food-grade production of minor ginsenosides

Interactions of ginseng with therapeutic drugs

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