Impact of Obesity-Induced Inflammation on Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)

Abstract

Overweight and obesity are key risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is currently presented as a pro-inflammatory state with an expansion in the outflow of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), alongside the expanded emission of leptin. The present review aimed to evaluate the relationship between obesity and inflammation and their impacts on the development of cardiovascular disease. A literature search was conducted by employing three academic databases, namely PubMed (Medline), Scopus (EMBASE), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). The search presented 786 items, and by inclusion and exclusion filterers, 59 works were considered for final review. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) method was adopted to conduct quality assessment; 19 papers were further selected based on the quality score. Obesity-related inflammation leads to a low-grade inflammatory state in organisms by upregulating pro-inflammatory markers and downregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. Because of inflammatory and infectious symptoms, adipocytes appear to instigate articulation and discharge a few intense stage reactants and carriers of inflammation. Obesity and inflammatory markers are strongly associated, and are important factors in the development of CVD. Hence, weight management can help prevent cardiovascular risks and poor outcomes by inhibiting inflammatory mechanisms.

PCSK9: A Multi-Faceted Protein That Is Involved in Cardiovascular Biology

“…Obesity being a major health problem at the moment, leads to the development of metabolic comorbidities in the form of cardiovascular complications. Obesity is characterised by the enlargement of adipocytes and adipose tissue, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines to instigate pathological complications to the cardiovascular system [88]. At first, it was believed that adipocytes do not express PCSK9, but only express targets of PCSK9 like VLDLRs and LDLRs on their surface [89].…”

Food Consumption and Metabolic Risks in Young University Students

“…Obesity is associated with immune responses that lead to a systemic low-grade proinflammatory state derived from an increase in adipocytes, loss of balance with immune cells, and the release of cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), which decreases adiponectin secretion [ 2 , 3 ]. In obesity, the IL-6 concentration increases, which decreases the sensitivity to insulin and increases glucose absorption in peripheral tissues [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], causing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases [ 7 ] and diabetes mellitus 2 [ 8 , 9 ]. Furthermore, adiponectin has been reported to increase adipocyte differentiation and inhibit IL-6 gene expression, which favors insulin sensitivity, preventing metabolic complications [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Role of Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: Focus on Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms

“…Adiponectin, leptin resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6 are cytokines generated from adipose tissue, which can impact inflammation ( 9 ). Biomarkers of inflammation or indicators of the inflammatory response are CRP, Protease Activated Receptor (PAR), CD40, Interleukin-18, LOX-1, and Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase (Lp-PLA2) ( 57 ). Obesity accelerates atherosclerosis through increasing glucose level, abnormal lipid profile, and systemic inflammation ( 58 ).…”