“…The combined impacts of OA and OW have been addressed with contrasting responses, such that the effects of OA and OW are either exacerbated (e.g., Di Santo 2015;D'Amario et al, 2020;Zittier et al 2018;Rodolfo-Metalpa et al, 2011) or ameliorated (e.g., Kroeker et al 2014;Knights et al, 2020;García et al, 2015;Jiang et al, 2018) in the presence of the other stressor (). Meta-analyses have suggested that the combined impacts of OA and OW on species physiology are especially devastating for the larval stages of many species (Przeslawski et al, 2015;Kroeker et al, 2013), presenting a major bottleneck for population persistence under changing oceanic conditions (Przeslawski et al, 2015).…”