The relevance of this study was conditioned by the reduced level of effectiveness of one of the key social institutions due to the presence of problematic aspects and conflicts of legislation. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to analyse the problematic aspects of the current adoption procedure under the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study employed several methods of scientific cognition, namely logical analysis, formal- legal, functional analysis, dogmatic, legal hermeneutics, and others. A study of statistical data on the total number of registered orphans revealed that the current figures are still quite high; however, the number of children raised in orphanages is declining. This study investigated the legislative acts that thoroughly regulate the procedure and order of adoption, namely the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Civil Procedural Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It was noted that a significant role in adoption cases is given to the decisions of the plenums of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which serve as a guide for the courts in considering and resolving civil cases and are applicable to different proceedings. It was also found that the national legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan does not make provision for such a procedure as pre-adoption, compared to the foreign practices of some countries. No less important is the analysis of the adoption procedure for found and abandoned children by foreign nationals. The practical value of the obtained results lies in providing a detailed characterisation of the mentioned process and offering some recommendations for its improvement