Impact of past behaviour normality: meta-analysis of exceptionality effect

Fillon, Adrien; Kutscher, Lucas; Feldman, Gilad

doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1816910

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…We provided a list of all included experiments in Table 1. We used a data extraction sheet that was already successfully used in other meta-analyses (e.g., Fillon et al, 2021;Yeung et al, 2021). The coding process for the pre-tests was completed by two coders to ensure high inter-rater reliability.…”

Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of the “But-you-are-free” technique

Fillon

Souchet

Pascual

et al. 2023

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The “But you are free…” (BYAF) technique is a technique to increase compliance (for example, to give spare change for the bus), by adding the words “But you are free to accept or refuse” to the request. In this pre-registered meta-analysis, we examine the effect of the BYAF technique in 52 experiments (N = 19528). An analysis of 74 effect sizes showed a medium effect (g = 0.44, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.36, 0.51]) for the BYAF technique. A moderator analysis found a stronger effect for face-to-face interactivity over other types of interactivities. All the other moderators we used were not statistically significant. We did not find any differences between articles published before and after Carpenter’s (2013) meta-analysis. An examination of risk of bias showed that only seven studies were of “low risk”, and a meta-analysis of these studies showed no effect of the BYAF (g = 0.11, 95% CI [-0.18, 0.40]) We also found that most recent studies on the subject are too low-powered to detect the effect found by Carpenter (2013), and the reproducibility rates were critically low (R-index = 9.77%, Z-curve expected discovery rate = 6%). We propose some improvements to the design and experiments to ensure the effects found in the literature exist and are replicable. All materials are available on https://osf.io/8eqa5/

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Section: Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of the “But-you-are-free” technique

Fillon

Souchet

Pascual

et al. 2023

Self Cite

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“…This last effect, sometimes be referred to as 'exceptionality effect', is the 'phenomenon that people associate stronger negative affect with a negative outcome when it is a result of an exception (abnormal behavior) compared to when it is a result of routine (normal behavior)' (Fillon, Kutscher & Feldman, 2021: 129). This has important consequences for morality as a meta-analysis conducted by Fillon, Kutscher, and Feldman (2021) showed that exceptionality increases victim compensation, offender punishment, and selfblame compared to normality. One possible explanation for an exceptionality effect in moral judgments could be the discrepancy in free will attributions between exceptional and normal circumstances.…”

Section: Free Will and Agency Attributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exceptionality Effect in Agency Attributions: Exceptional Behaviors are Perceived as Higher Free will than Routine Behaviors

Fillon

Lantian

Feldman

et al. 2022

International Review of Social Psychology

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People experience stronger regret regarding negative outcomes resulting from more exceptional circumstances compared to routine. We hypothesized that the exceptionality-routine attribution asymmetry would extend to attributions of agency and moral responsibility. In Experiment 1 (N = 337), we found that people attributed more free will to exceptional behavior compared to routine when the exception was due to self-choice rather than external circumstances. In Experiment 2 (N = 561), we replicated and generalized this effect to other scenarios, with support for the classic exceptionality effect regarding regret, and an extension to moral responsibility. In Experiment 3 (N = 128), we replicated these effects in a within-subject design. When using a classic experimental philosophy paradigm contrasting a deterministic and an indeterministic universe, we found that the results were robust across both contexts. We conclude that there is consistent support for a link between exceptionality and free will attributions.

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Are actions better than inactions? Positivity, outcome, and intentionality biases in judgments of action and inaction

Sunderrajan

2021

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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Impact of past behaviour normality: meta-analysis of exceptionality effect

Cited by 5 publications

References 66 publications

Effectiveness of the “But-you-are-free” technique

Effectiveness of the “But-you-are-free” technique

Exceptionality Effect in Agency Attributions: Exceptional Behaviors are Perceived as Higher Free will than Routine Behaviors

Are actions better than inactions? Positivity, outcome, and intentionality biases in judgments of action and inaction

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