Impact of Physically and Chemically Dispersed Crude Oil on the Antioxidant Defense Capacities and Non-Specific Immune Responses in Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

Abstract

Currently, oil spill pollution is one of the major environmental concerns for sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) aquaculture. During oil spills, spraying chemical dispersants is generally considered an efficient oil spill response. However, the impact of chemical dispersant deployment during oil spills on sea cucumbers is still less known. In this study, we treated sea cucumbers with physically and chemically (by GM-2 chemical dispersant) dispersed Oman crude oil for 24 h. For antioxidant defense capacities, our results showed that physically dispersed crude oil caused a significant elevation on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and glutathione (GSH) content, while chemically dispersed crude oil caused a significant decrease in SOD activity and GSH content with no apparent change in CAT activity. As for non-specific immune responses, our results indicated that physically dispersed crude oil up-regulated acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme (LZM) activities but had no obvious impact on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Differently, chemically dispersed crude oil down-regulated ACP and LZM activities while up-regulating ALP activity. Based on the integrated biomarker response analysis, the overall impact of chemically dispersed crude oil on antioxidant defense capacities and non-specific immune responses of sea cucumbers was more severe than physically dispersed crude oil.

Polycyclic Aromatic Aydrocarbons (PAHs) Pollution Approaches in Aquatic Ecosystems: Perils and Remedies Using Green Technologies

“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons impair the specific and non-specific immunity in fish. However, the effects of both specific and non-specific immunity are incompatible, which rely on the manner of exposure, the dose of exposure, and the species investigated [123,124]. For instance, some studies have proven that exposure to heavy oil, which contains high levels of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs, affects the expression of immune-related genes, and macrophage colonystimulating factors in the kidney, as well as leads to the suppression of antibacterial activity in serum [125,126].…”

Influence of the near roadsoil contamination on the germination and biochemical factors of two species in the region of Sfax (Tunisia)

“…It has been shown that tomato and cucumber contain large amounts of phenols with anti-radical properties, and that certain antioxidant enzymes (such as SOD, CAT, POX, APX, IAA oxidase, polyphenol oxidase) regulate their activity in response to pollution. by hydrocarbons (Xishan et al, 2021;Xishan et al, 2022) In Tunisia, according to the Technical Agency for Land Transport "ATTT", the car fleet in Tunisia is estimated, at the end of 2014, at nearly 1,800,000 vehicles circulating on the roads of Tunisia while knowing that this figure may be revised downwards due to the fact that certain vehicles have been destroyed or scrapped without their owners reporting them. According to the same source, the car fleet is growing annually, at the rate of 7000 to 8000 vehicles.…”