Impact of Prior Infection on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission in Syrian Hamsters

Zhang, Cheng; Guo, Zhixin; Li, Nan; Meng, Keyin; Liu, Lina; Zhao, Li; Zhang, Shanshan; Qin, Cheng‐Feng; Liu, Juxiang; Gao, Yuwei; Zhang, Chunmao

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.722178

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Prior infection did not confer sterilizing immunity in the present study, as reported earlier in rhesus macaques and hamster models [ 18 , 43 , 44 ]. These studies were performed within a month after recovery from the primary infection, in contrast to our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

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Protective Immunity of the Primary SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reduces Disease Severity Post Re-Infection with Delta Variants in Syrian Hamsters

Mohandas

Yadav

Shete

et al. 2022

Viruses

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The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant has evolved to become the dominant SARS-CoV-2 lineage with multiple sub-lineages and there are also reports of re-infections caused by this variant. We studied the disease characteristics induced by the Delta AY.1 variant and compared it with the Delta and B.1 variants in Syrian hamsters. We also assessed the potential of re-infection by these variants in Coronavirus disease 2019 recovered hamsters 3 months after initial infection. The variants produced disease characterized by high viral load in the respiratory tract and interstitial pneumonia. The Delta AY.1 variant produced mild disease in the hamster model and did not show any evidence of neutralization resistance due to the presence of the K417N mutation, as speculated. Re-infection with a high virus dose of the Delta and B.1 variants 3 months after B.1 variant infection resulted in reduced virus shedding, disease severity and increased neutralizing antibody levels in the re-infected hamsters. The reduction in viral load and lung disease after re-infection with the Delta AY.1 variant was not marked. Upper respiratory tract viral RNA loads remained similar after re-infection in all the groups. The present findings show that prior infection could not produce sterilizing immunity but that it can broaden the neutralizing response and reduce disease severity in case of reinfection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…These studies were performed within a month after recovery from the primary infection, in contrast to our study. Experimentally re-infected or vaccinated animals can shed SARS-CoV-2 through the upper respiratory tract [ 19 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. The exact immune correlates of protection from infection are still not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Immunity of the Primary SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reduces Disease Severity Post Re-Infection with Delta Variants in Syrian Hamsters

Mohandas

Yadav

Shete

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…We did not however assess the levels of virus replication in the URT after heterologous challenge, thus the degree to which prior infection affects replication in the URT, and therefore transmission between hamsters, is unknown. In addition, as the rechallenge occurred at day 21 PI, mature antiviral immune responses are expected to be present in blood and secretions [ 12 , 15 ] and these are associated with protection from re-challenge [ 14 , 23 , 29 – 31 ]. However, in the present study we did not make any attempt to identify the immune mechanism associated with the heterologous protection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The B.1.427/1.429 (epsilon) SARS-CoV-2 variants are more virulent than ancestral B.1 (614G) in Syrian hamsters

et al. 2022

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As novel SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, it is critical that their potential to cause severe disease and evade vaccine-induced immunity is rapidly assessed in humans and studied in animal models. In early January 2021, a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant designated B.1.429 comprising 2 lineages, B.1.427 and B.1.429, was originally detected in California (CA) and it was shown to have enhanced infectivity in vitro and decreased antibody neutralization by plasma from convalescent patients and vaccine recipients. Here we examine the virulence, transmissibility, and susceptibility to pre-existing immunity for B 1.427 and B 1.429 in the Syrian hamster model. We find that both variants exhibit enhanced virulence as measured by increased body weight loss compared to hamsters infected with ancestral B.1 (614G), with B.1.429 causing the most marked body weight loss among the 3 variants. Faster dissemination from airways to parenchyma and more severe lung pathology at both early and late stages were also observed with B.1.429 infections relative to B.1. (614G) and B.1.427 infections. In addition, subgenomic viral RNA (sgRNA) levels were highest in oral swabs of hamsters infected with B.1.429, however sgRNA levels in lungs were similar in all three variants. This demonstrates that B.1.429 replicates to higher levels than ancestral B.1 (614G) or B.1.427 in the oropharynx but not in the lungs. In multi-virus in-vivo competition experiments, we found that B.1. (614G), epsilon (B.1.427/B.1.429) and gamma (P.1) dramatically outcompete alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351) and zeta (P.2) in the lungs. In the nasal cavity, B.1. (614G), gamma, and epsilon dominate, but the highly infectious alpha variant also maintains a moderate size niche. We did not observe significant differences in airborne transmission efficiency among the B.1.427, B.1.429 and ancestral B.1 (614G) and WA-1 variants in hamsters. These results demonstrate enhanced virulence and high relative oropharyngeal replication of the epsilon (B.1.427/B.1.429) variant in Syrian hamsters compared to an ancestral B.1 (614G) variant.

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“…However, due to cultural differences and uncomfortable wearing experiences, it is difficult to wear masks all the time. In addition, because the virus mutates quickly, the vaccine needs to be frequently updated (Kim et al, 2018), and the presence of antibodies in the body also cannot guarantee not being infected (Zhang et al, 2021). Hence, attention must be given to explore new alternative solutions such as air disinfection by negative ions to reinforce efforts in preventing the spread of respiratory viral disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol Transmission of the Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus Was Blocked by Negative Ions

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The pandemic of respiratory diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza, has imposed significant public health and economic burdens on the world. Wearing masks is an effective way to cut off the spread of the respiratory virus. However, due to cultural differences and uncomfortable wearing experiences, not everyone is willing to wear masks; there is an urgent need to find alternatives to masks. In this study, we tested the disinfection effect of a portable ionizer on pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (strain V34) and influenza A virus (strain CA04). Negative ions significantly reduced the concentration of particulate matter in the air above and effectively disinfected viruses stuck to the solid plate at the level of both nucleic acid and virus titer. The disinfection efficiency was >99.8% after 1-h exposure. Moreover, negative ions effectively disinfected aerosolized viruses; the disinfection efficiency was more than 87.77% after purification for 10 min. Furthermore, negative ions had a significant protective effect on susceptible animals exposed to viral aerosols. When the negative ionizer was switched from off to on, the inhalation 50% infective dose (ID50) for golden hamsters challenged with SARS-CoV-2 rose from 9.878 median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) [95% confidence interval (CI), 6.727–14.013 TCID50] to 43.891 TCID50 (95% CI, 29.31–76.983 TCID50), and the inhalation ID50 for guinea pigs challenged with influenza A virus rose from 6.696 TCID50 (95% CI, 3.251–9.601 TCID50) to 28.284 TCID50 (95% CI, 19.705–40.599 TCID50). In the experiment of transmission between susceptible animals, negative ions 100% inhibited the aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus. Finally, we tested the safety of negative ion exposure. Balb/c mice exposed to negative ions for 4 weeks showed no abnormalities in body weight, blood routine analysis, and lung pathology. Our study demonstrates that air ions can be used as a safe and effective means of blocking respiratory virus transmission and contribute to pandemic prevention and control.

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Impact of Prior Infection on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission in Syrian Hamsters

Cited by 7 publications

References 42 publications

Protective Immunity of the Primary SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reduces Disease Severity Post Re-Infection with Delta Variants in Syrian Hamsters

Protective Immunity of the Primary SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reduces Disease Severity Post Re-Infection with Delta Variants in Syrian Hamsters

The B.1.427/1.429 (epsilon) SARS-CoV-2 variants are more virulent than ancestral B.1 (614G) in Syrian hamsters

Aerosol Transmission of the Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus Was Blocked by Negative Ions

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