Impact of Rain Attenuation to Ka-Band Signal Propagation in Tropical Region: A Study of 5-Year MEASAT-5’s Beacon Measurement Data

Samat, Fazdliana; Singh, Mandeep Singh Jit

doi:10.1007/s11277-020-07172-x

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Rain attenuation was simulated with the assumption that each site is the domestic/terminal antenna receiver with diameters less than 2.4 m. The antenna parameters were assumed to be set with resemblance to the physical gateways station nearby, which in detail can be found in [ 25 ]; signal frequency of 20.2 GHz from MEASAT-5 at an orbital location of 119.5° E with an elevation angle of 68.8°. The rain height

was set to a value suggested by the recommendation ITU-R P.839, which is 4.86 km.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Horizontal Rain-Cell Span and Wind Impact on Multisite Diversity Scheme in a Tropical Region during El-Niño and La-Niña

Samat

Singh

Al-Jumaily

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Site diversity is the most effective way to recover a signal lost during heavy downpours, especially in tropical regions since other mitigation techniques such as adaptive power control and code modulation may be unreliable during such. Duplicated links at diverse sites are deployed, and the least-attenuated signal of either site will be routed to the prime site for further operation. Since the deployment is costly, a diversity-gain model is used to estimate the appropriateness of selected sites. Diversity gain is known to depend on site-separation distance and elevation angle and, optionally, baseline angle and signal frequency, based on the region of research. In addition to these factors, the horizontal rain-cell span and the wind’s impact on the gain are ongoing investigations, especially in tropical regions. This article presented the rain analysis from the year 2014 to mid-July 2017 at eight sites in the Gombak and Sepang districts of Malaysia to investigate the dependency relevancies. The rain rates were then used to predict the attenuation using the ITU-R P.618-13 rain-attenuation model, and the inter- and cross-district gain characteristics were evaluated. The observation of diurnal rain during the northeast seasons yielded that the northeast wind stimulates intense rain at locations along its direction, thus, extending the horizontal rain-cell span to 15 km distant from a host. Meanwhile, sites located at 5 km distant, slightly perpendicular to the wind direction, and from 90° to 180° from due north of the host, experience less rain. The baseline angle variation establishes nonimpact to the gain and lengthening the site-separation distance presented equal chances to the shorter span towards diversity-gain increment. The research outcome is necessary to formulate a more reliable diversity-gain model to be used in the industry.

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was set to a value suggested by the recommendation ITU-R P.839, which is 4.86 km.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Horizontal Rain-Cell Span and Wind Impact on Multisite Diversity Scheme in a Tropical Region during El-Niño and La-Niña

Samat

Singh

Al-Jumaily

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…The simple power-law model is one of the well-known frequency scaling models. The model applies statistical attenuation ratio (RAS) as in (1).…”

Section: Frequency Scaling Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, an application that utilizes the internet and data-driven technology leads to the invention of high throughput satellites (HTS). HTS offers a high throughput and greater capacity which can reduce cost-per-bit whereas, in Malaysia, high-speed broadband is provided by MEASAT 5 [1]. Currently, most of the HTS works in Ka-band as Ka-band has larger bandwidth compared to C and Ku-band.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of satellite link’s fade margin using non-meteorological technique and worst month analysis

Suhaimi

Ismail

Badron

et al. 2023

IJECE

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<span lang="EN-US">Satellite technology is shifting to higher frequencies such as Q or V-band to cater to greater bandwidth and higher data rates applications such as videoconferencing, internet of things (IoT) and telemedicine. The main challenge in deploying high-frequency bands in heavy precipitation areas is severe rain attenuation. In this paper, a frequency scaling technique was developed to estimate the fade margin at a higher frequency. The worst month analysis was also conducted since the analysis is also important in determining dependable fade margin. The result was evaluated and analyzed using root mean square error (RMSE) and percentage error. The proposed model offers the smallest RMSE and lowest percentage error when compared to all existing prediction models. A dependable fade margin acquired from high-accuracy rain attenuation estimation is very important. This is to apply the best mitigation technique in overcoming rain attenuation in the satellite-Earth link so that, the best system performance can be delivered.</span>

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“…In Table 1, each SD scheme is named briefly; therefore, their abbreviated names will be used in this article. Direct link data from the satellites were used to yield the attenuation intensities at three SD schemes: GN-GS [25], CYB-RWG [26], and UTM-UTHM [27]. The data from the GN-GS sites were measured from July 17 th , 2010, to April 30 th , 2012, according to the rain gauge-collected dataset at Guam North (GN) [28].…”

Section: A Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of Site Diversity Gain Dependency on Separation Distance Using an Attenuation-Dependent Logarithmic Model in a Tropical Region

et al. 2021

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⁞ABSTRACT Ensuring site diversity is a fade mitigation technique used to overcome severe rain-induced attenuation encountered in high-frequency signal communications, especially over tropical regions. However, due to the high cost of deploying diverse equipment and terrestrial infrastructures for connections between two sites, gain prediction models are widely used to evaluate the performance of a given scheme. This article presents a study on the behavior of four parameters that contribute to site diversity gain: site separation distance, link frequency, elevation angle, and baseline orientation angle. A correlation between gain and distance is found in the form of an attenuation-dependent logarithmic function instead of the gain being saturated when the increment of the distance exceeds the convective rain cell extent, as was found in the literature. Therefore, a site diversity logarithmic model, SDLog, is proposed. The analysis utilized seven site diversity experiments conducted in the tropics, i.e., in Malaysia, Singapore, and Guam, USA. The performance of the SDLog model was compared with the performances of existing models, namely, the ITU-R, Hodge, Panagopoulos, Semire, and X. Yeo models. The SDLog model reproduces the experimental datasets with an average root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.12, while those of the ITU-R, Hodge, Panagopoulos, Semire, and X. Yeo models are 0.226, 0.289, 0.19, 0.192, and 0.311, respectively. These models were also evaluated based on diversity experiments conducted in Indonesia, separate from the former evaluation. The RMSE and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of all evaluations are presented, and the SDLog model seems to be convincing.

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Impact of Rain Attenuation to Ka-Band Signal Propagation in Tropical Region: A Study of 5-Year MEASAT-5’s Beacon Measurement Data

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

The Horizontal Rain-Cell Span and Wind Impact on Multisite Diversity Scheme in a Tropical Region during El-Niño and La-Niña

The Horizontal Rain-Cell Span and Wind Impact on Multisite Diversity Scheme in a Tropical Region during El-Niño and La-Niña

Estimation of satellite link’s fade margin using non-meteorological technique and worst month analysis

Observation of Site Diversity Gain Dependency on Separation Distance Using an Attenuation-Dependent Logarithmic Model in a Tropical Region

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