Impact of reduced system inertia on stable power system operation and an overview of possible solutions

Spahic, E.; Varma, D.; Beck, Gunther; Kuhn, Gerhard; Hild, Volker

doi:10.1109/pesgm.2016.7741714

Cited by 59 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It can be expressed in the form of a block diagram as shown in Figure 1. Hence, the initial response of a synchronous generator to a frequency event is governed by its stored kinetic energy at the rated frequency [30],…”

Section: Modeling the Inertial Response Of A Rotational Synchronous Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time

Fernández‐Guillamón

Gómez‐Lázaro

Muljadi

et al. 2019

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

364

123

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Traditionally, inertia in power systems has been determined by considering all the rotating masses directly connected to the grid. During the last decade, the integration of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic installations and wind power plants, has led to a significant dynamic characteristic change in power systems. This change is mainly due to the fact that most renewables have power electronics at the grid interface. The overall impact on stability and reliability analysis of power systems is very significant. The power systems become more dynamic and require a new set of strategies modifying traditional generation control algorithms. Indeed, renewable generation units are decoupled from the grid by electronic converters, decreasing the overall inertia of the grid. 'Hidden inertia', 'synthetic inertia' or 'virtual inertia' are terms currently used to represent artificial inertia created by converter control of the renewable sources. Alternative spinning reserves are then needed in the new power system with high penetration renewables, where the lack of rotating masses directly connected to the grid must be emulated to maintain an acceptable power system reliability. This paper reviews the inertia concept in terms of values and their evolution in the last decades, as well as the damping factor values. A comparison of the rotational grid inertia for traditional and current averaged generation mix scenarios is also carried out. In addition, an extensive discussion on wind and photovoltaic power plants and their contributions to inertia in terms of frequency control strategies is included in the paper.

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Section: Modeling the Inertial Response Of A Rotational Synchronous Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time

Fernández‐Guillamón

Gómez‐Lázaro

Muljadi

et al. 2019

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

364

123

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The Nordic countries of Europe initiated the Future System Inertia project in 2013 with four goals: (a) to elaborate on a methodology for the examination of frequency disturbances and inertia; (b) to harmonise calculation of inertia; (c) to develop a real‐time inertia estimator; and (d) to examine the effect of future supply and demand changes on system inertia. Besides assessing the inertia constant for several power plant technologies, the study also highlighted that inertia of the Nordic power system is expected to remain between 124 and 305 GWs, which is higher than the historical minimum of 2009 (115 GWs); thus, severe RoCoF issues are not expected …”

Section: Interpretation Of Rocof and System Specific Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides assessing the inertia constant for several power plant technologies, the study also highlighted that inertia of the Nordic power system is expected to remain between 124 and 305 GWs, which is higher than the historical minimum of 2009 (115 GWs); thus, severe RoCoF issues are not expected. 22,23 Several studies are available for the interconnections of Northern America as well. Research conducted by National Renewable Laboratory in 2014 showed that if the combined penetration of wind and solar photovoltaic panels reach 33%, RoCoF values are expected to increase 24 by 18%; however, these values are still in the range of 0.1 Hz/s.…”

Section: Rocof In Large Interconnected Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of decreasing synchronous inertia on power system dynamics—Overview of recent experiences and marketisation of services

Hartmann

Vokony

Táczi

2019

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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Summary Decrease of rotational mass in modern power systems is a common experience of system operators around the world. The increasing penetration of variable renewable energy production and thus the use of power converters are fundamentally changing the dynamic behaviour of the power system. The aim of the present paper is to provide an overview on the latest advancements of system operators regarding the analysis and mitigation of the reducing inertia. The theoretical background of power system stability and the calculation of the rate of frequency change are introduced to highlight the importance and the weaknesses of certain metrics used by system operators. Specific operational experiences are compared based on peak load and the nature of the systems. Possible responses by system operators which are discussed in the paper include synchronous and synthetic (emulated) inertia, other technical alternatives (virtual synchronous machines, adaptive load‐shedding schemes), and market‐based solutions. Besides summarising the advantages and disadvantages of those, grey areas of regulation and market structure are highlighted to facilitate forward‐thinking.

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“…Thus, smoothing the power transmission in contingencies is required to maintain safe and stable system operation. Integrating energy storage systems (ESSs) into the power system, in short, medium and long terms, becomes urgent for the sake of security and management [27]. However, both energy storage technologies and ESS integration approaches have technical limitations and practical challenges in medium and high voltage applications, which impede their exploitation [28], [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A T-Type Modular Multilevel Converter

Wang

Massoud

Williams

2021

IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron.

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This paper proposes a novel modular multilevel converter (MMC) named 'T-type MMC' (T-MMC) for reliable, controllable and efficient performance in energy conversion applications. Circuitry configurations and control structures are presented, with respect to fundamental and additional functions. The T-MMC topology consists of two solid-state power stages (Stage-I and Stage-II), which are coordinated for ac and dc fault tolerance, increased ac-side voltage synthesis, etc. Energy storage elements can be integrated into the submodules. As a result, the T-MMC based energy storage system can not only increase system inertia but maintain continuous power transmission during faults. A thyristor forcedcommutation technique facilitates actively-controlled utilization of symmetrical thyristors in the conduction path; thus T-MMC normal-mode operation losses can be equivalent to those of the conventional half-bridge MMC. Simulation and experimentation demonstrate the performance of the T-MMC. Index Terms − T-Type Modular Multilevel Converter, ac/dc fault, thyristor, energy storage system.

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Impact of reduced system inertia on stable power system operation and an overview of possible solutions

Cited by 59 publications

References 7 publications

Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time

Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time

Effects of decreasing synchronous inertia on power system dynamics—Overview of recent experiences and marketisation of services

A T-Type Modular Multilevel Converter

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