“…The traffic live load in these studies has been considered in a number of ways, e.g. as a uniform pressure (Yoo et al, 1999;Trickey and Moore, 2007;Bryden et al, 2014;and Kraus et al, 2014), single axle load (Fleming et al, 1997;Kang et al, 2013a;Kang et al, 2014;Lay and Brachman, 2014;Mai et al, 2014a;and García and Moore, 2015), and multiple axle loads (McGrath et al, 2002;Arockiasamy et al, 2006;Wong et al, 2006;Kraus et al, 2014;Rakitin and Xu, 2014;Chaallal et al, 2014a;Chaallal et al, 2014b;Sheldon et al, 2014;and García and Moore, 2015). The details of the studies on the pipes with a single axle load or multiple axle loads are shown in Where C is the calculated maximum soil pressure under traffic load in kPa and H is the backfill height in m.…”