Impact of Riparian Zone Protection from Cattle on Nutrient, Bacteria, F-coliphage,<i>Cryptosporidium</i>, and<i>Giardia</i>Loading of an Intermittent Stream

Sunohara, Mark; Topp, Edward; Wilkes, Graham; Gottschall, N.; Neumann, Norman F.; Ruecker, Norma J.; Jones, T. H.; Edge, Thomas A.; Marti, Romain; Lapen, David R.

doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0407

Cited by 41 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Table 2 shows the levels of detection of any virus, animal virus, human virus, and F-specific coliphage in water samples for individual sample sites. For all the sample sites, the average percentages of detection of any virus, animal virus, human virus, F-RNA or F-DNA coliphage, F-DNA coliphage, human F-RNA coliphage, and animal F-RNA coliphage in water were 55,36,42,53,33,15, and 79%, respectively. Some notable observations include site 12 on the mixed-use Little Castor River, which had the highest detection by percentage of all sites for any virus (67%) and human virus (52%), while the stream draining from a forested catchment with no human or agricultural upstream land uses (site 24) had the lowest percentages of any virus (35%) and animal virus (15%) detection.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lowest percentages of human F-RNA coliphage detection were found at site 22 and site 24. Site 22 was located immediately downstream of a protected stream channel/riparian zone that received primarily agricultural drainage but, interestingly, has been a site subjected to septic system leakage inputs (6,39,55). The lowest animal F-RNA coliphage detection was at site 22.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highest levels of animal virus detection were associated with higher relative water flow conditions and relatively higher daily rainfall, suggesting more spatially uniform hydrologically driven inputs (e.g., surface runoff, tile drainage, and in-stream mobilization of antecedent waters/sediment/stream detritus [55,85]). HEV detection was also linked to relatively higher daily rainfalls, as well as higher relative water electrical conductivity values (i.e., salts).…”

Section: Detection and Densities Of F-specific Coliphage And Viruses mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human and animal F-RNA coliphage detection levels were relatively low at site 22, an agricultural stream at the end of a cattle pasture area with a protected riparian buffer (55). Interestingly, this location has historically received highly transient fecal pollution inputs from leaking septic systems from homes immediately upstream, and from a relative framework, enhanced inputs of wildlife fecal matter resulting from riparian zone protection (e.g., Canada goose Bacteroidales markers [68]).…”

Section: Detection and Densities Of F-specific Coliphage And Viruses mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental/Land Use Factors

Jones

Brassard

Topp

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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From the years 2008 to 2014, a total of 1,155 water samples were collected (spring to fall) from 24 surface water sampling sites located in a mixed-used but predominantly agricultural (i.e., dairy livestock production) river basin in eastern Ontario, Canada. Water was analyzed for viable F-specific DNA (F-DNA) and F-specific RNA (F-RNA) (genogroup I [GI] to GIV) coliphage and a suite of molecularly detected viruses (norovirus [GI to GIV], torque teno virus [TTV], rotavirus, kobuvirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A, and hepatitis E). F-DNA and F-RNA coliphage were detected in 33 and 28% of the samples at maximum concentrations of 2,000 and 16,300 PFU · 100 ml Ϫ1 , respectively. Animal TTV, human TTV, kobuvirus, astrovirus, and norovirus GIII were the most prevalent viruses, found in 23, 20, 13, 12, and 11% of samples, respectively. Viable F-DNA coliphage was found to be a modest positive indicator of molecularly detected TTV. F-RNA coliphage, unlike F-DNA coliphage, was a modest positive predictor of norovirus and rotavirus. There were, however, a number of significant negative associations among F-specific coliphage and viruses. F-DNA coliphage densities of Ͼ142 PFU · 100 ml Ϫ1 delineated conditions when ϳ95% of water samples contained some type of virus. Kobuvirus was the virus most strongly related to detection of any other virus. Land use had some associations with virus/F-specific coliphage detection, but season and surface water flow were the variables that were most important for broadly delineating detection. Higher relative levels of detection of human viruses and human F-RNA coliphage were associated with higher relative degrees of upstream human land development in a catchment.IMPORTANCE This study is one of the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate relationships among F-specific coliphages and a large suite of enteric viruses in mixed-use but agriculturally dominated surface waters in Canada. This study suggested that relationships between viable F-specific coliphages and molecularly detected viruses do exist, but they are not always positive. Caution should be employed if viable F-specific coliphages are to be used as indicators of virus presence in surface waters. This study elucidates relative effects of agriculture, wildlife, and human activity on virus and F-specific coliphage detection. Seasonal and meteorological attributes play a strong role in the detection of most virus and F-specific coliphage targets.KEYWORDS viruses, F-specific coliphages, pollution, indicators, surface water, microbial source tracking

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Detection and Densities Of F-specific Coliphage And Viruses mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Detection and Densities Of F-specific Coliphage And Viruses mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental/Land Use Factors

Jones

Brassard

Topp

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Under some circumstances, however, coherency, or a lack of it, can reveal what biomarkers are appropriate for the use at hand, and MST coherence with the occurrence of other fecal indicator organisms and pathogens can be viewed as an important factor for helping to identify mitigation measures that will reduce public health risks (19)(20)(21)59). Many agricultural beneficial management practices (BMPs) are designed to be protective of water quality, yet such interventions in open systems like watersheds could variably impact the degree and source of fecal contamination in a receiving water body (22,23). In this context, MST information could provide a more accurate assessment of how fecal pollution mechanisms associated with the target organism of the BMP (e.g., livestock) truly respond to that BMP (e.g., cattle exclusion fencing along a stream).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherence among Different Microbial Source Tracking Markers in a Small Agricultural Stream with or without Livestock Exclusion Practices

Wilkes

Brassard

Edge

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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h Over 1,400 water samples were collected biweekly over 6 years from an intermittent stream protected and unprotected from pasturing cattle. The samples were monitored for host-specific Bacteroidales markers, Cryptosporidium species/genotypes, viruses and coliphages associated with humans or animals, and bacterial zoonotic pathogens. Ruminant Bacteroidales markers did not increase within the restricted cattle access reach of the stream, whereas the ruminant Bacteroidales marker increased significantly in the unrestricted cattle access reach. Human Bacteroidales markers significantly increased downstream of homes where septic issues were documented. Wildlife Bacteroidales markers were detected downstream of the cattle exclusion practice where stream and riparian habitat was protected, but detections decreased after the unrestricted pasture, where the stream and riparian zone was unprotected from livestock. Detection of a large number of human viruses was shown to increase downstream of homes, and similar trends were observed for the human Bacteroidales marker. There was considerable interplay among biomarkers with stream flow, season, and the cattle exclusion practices. There were no to very weak associations with Bacteroidales markers and bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. Overall, discrete sample-by-sample coherence among the different microbial source tracking markers that expressed a similar microbial source was minimal, but spatial trends were physically meaningful in terms of land use (e.g., beneficial management practice) effects on sources of fecal pollution. Microbial source tracking (MST) can help reveal the sources of fecal contamination in water resources (1-5). There are a suite of MST tools that have been used in this capacity (6); some of these include the antimicrobial resistance patterns of target bacteria (7, 8), bacterial markers (9), such as Bacteroidales markers (2), host specificity associated with parasitic organisms like Cryptosporidium (10, 11), mitochondrial DNA methods (12, 13), and virus host specificity (14-16). There is potential for these tools to help identify how different land uses can impact the sources of fecal pollution in open-surface-water systems like agricultural watersheds, systems typically prone to variable inputs of human, livestock, and wildlife feces. While these tools have potential utility for such assessments, they are different in their limits of detection, source discrimination power, spatial and temporal stability, persistence in different environmental matrices, and what they express biophysically in water samples; and as such, results from one method may not necessarily be coherent with those of another method (5,17,18). Under some circumstances, however, coherency, or a lack of it, can reveal what biomarkers are appropriate for the use at hand, and MST coherence with the occurrence of other fecal indicator organisms and pathogens can be viewed as an important factor for helping to identify mitigation measures that will reduce public health risks (19)...

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Using ecosystem service trade‐offs to inform water conservation policies and management practices

Zheng

Robinson

et al. 2016

Frontiers in Ecol & Environ

149

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Environmental managers and policy makers are increasingly discussing trade‐offs between ecosystem services, but few studies have analyzed these trade‐offs with a view to informing land‐use planning. Using specialized models, we quantify ecosystem services in several land‐use scenarios relative to actual land‐use change over a 9‐year period. These scenarios were developed in an effort to maintain agricultural production while improving water quality and increasing water quantity in the watershed of the Miyun Reservoir, the only source of surface water currently available for domestic use in Beijing, China. Within the watershed, from 2000 to 2009, forest cover and urban area increased by 33% and 280%, while water provision and water purification services declined by 9% and 27%, respectively. Under a hybrid scenario of agricultural expansion with riparian grassland buffers, three services – water provision, water purification, and sediment retention – as well as agricultural production all improved as compared with 2009 levels. Riparian grassland protection zones, seldom used in China, can effectively resolve trade‐offs among multiple ecosystem services and are now being considered and implemented in several locations.

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Impact of Riparian Zone Protection from Cattle on Nutrient, Bacteria, F-coliphage,Cryptosporidium, andGiardiaLoading of an Intermittent Stream

Cited by 41 publications

References 55 publications

Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental/Land Use Factors

Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental/Land Use Factors

Coherence among Different Microbial Source Tracking Markers in a Small Agricultural Stream with or without Livestock Exclusion Practices

Using ecosystem service trade‐offs to inform water conservation policies and management practices

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