“…The last decisive step took place on June 15, 2017, when wholesale and retail price caps for data were set to 0. Grzybowski and Muñoz (2020) show that the European Commission has succeeded to avoid unintended increases in domestic tariffs and induced operators to absorb the negative effects of the reform. At the same time, Quinn et al (2021) show that, after the policy, daily mobile data consumption (sum of uploads and downloads) for EU travelers while abroad grew by at least 54MB.…”