Impact of Robotic-Assisted Gait Therapy on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Subacute Spinal Cord Injuries (SCIs)—A Prospective Clinical Study

Abstract

Background: Mood disorders, especially depression, and emotional difficulties such as anxiety are very common problems among patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). The lack of physical training may deteriorate their mental state, which, in turn, has a significant impact on their improvement in functioning. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of innovative rehabilitation approaches involving robotic-assisted gait therapy (RAGT) on the depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with SCI. Methods: A total of 110 participants with subacute SCIs were enrolled in this single-center, single-blinded, single-arm, prospective study; patients were divided into experimental (robotic-assisted gait therapy (RAGT)) and control (conventional gait therapy with dynamic parapodium (DPT)) groups. They received five training sessions per week over 7 weeks. At the beginning and end of therapy, the severity of depression was assessed via the Depression Assessment Questionnaire (KPD), and that of anxiety symptoms was assessed via the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI X-1). Results: SCI patients in both groups experienced significantly lower levels of anxiety- and depression-related symptoms after completing the seven-week rehabilitation program (KPD: Z = 6.35, p < 0.001, r = 0.43; STAI X-1: Z = −6.20, p < 0.001, r = 0.42). In the RAGT group, post-rehabilitation measurements also indicated an improvement in psychological functioning (i.e., decreases in depression and anxiety and an increase in self-regulation (SR)). Significant results were noted for each variable (STAI X-1: Z = −4.93; KPD: Z = −5.26; SR: Z = −3.21). In the control group, there were also decreases in the effects on depression and state anxiety and an increase in self-regulation ability (STAI X-1: Z = −4.01; KPD: Z = −3.65; SR: Z = −2.83). The rehabilitation modality did not appear to have a statistically significant relationship with the magnitude of improvement in the Depression Assessment Questionnaire (KPD) (including self-regulation) and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores. However, there were some significant differences when comparing the groups by the extent and depth of the injury and type of paralysis. Moreover, the study did not find any significant relationships between improvements in physical aspects and changes in psychological factors. Conclusions: Subjects in the robotic-assisted gait therapy (RAGD) and dynamic parapodium training (DPT) groups experienced decreases in anxiety and depression after a 7-week rehabilitation program. However, the rehabilitation modality (DPT vs. RAGT) did not differentiate between the patients with spinal cord injuries in terms of the magnitude of this change. Our results suggest that individuals with severe neurological conditions and complete spinal cord injuries (AIS A, according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale classification) may experience greater benefits in terms of changes in the psychological parameters after rehabilitation with RAGT.