Impact of Ruapehu ash fall on soil and pasture nutrient status 1. October 1995 eruptions

Cronin, Shane J.; Hedley, M. J.; Smith, Richard G.; Neall, Vincent E.

doi:10.1080/00288233.1997.9513260

Cited by 34 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The estimated volumes of ash falling on land for the three eruptions discussed were c. 0.025 km 3 for 11 October 1995, 0.005 km 3 for 14 October 1995, and 0.006 km 3 for 17 June 1996 (Cronin et al 1997(Cronin et al , 1998. From the Carey & Sigurdsson (1989) relation, the first eruption would be expected to have an eruption column height of c. 14 km, with 9 km for the latter two eruptions.…”

Section: Total Erupted Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4)-all gave comparatively similar results for the three cases studied (Turner & Hurst in prep.). Cronin et al 1997). B, Isopach maps in millimetres based on ASHFALL model for the 11 October 1995 tephra from Ruapehu, using the 12 h wind forecast issued for Ruapehu at 0000 NZDT on 12 October 1995, a 10 km high eruption column, and a total mass of 0.03 km 3 .…”

Section: Wind Direction and Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of the program ASHFALL for forecasting ashfall during the 1995 and 1996 eruptions of Ruapehu volcano

Hurst¹,

Turner

1999

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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The program ASHFALL was developed to predict the ashfall that would result from a volcanic eruption, primarily for civil defence purposes, such as giving public warnings and planning mitigation measures. It can also be used for volcanic hazard assessments and for studies of past eruptions. During the 1995 and 1996 eruptions of Ruapehu, a volcano in the North Island of New Zealand, the program was used to provide forecasts of where ash would land if a significant eruption occurred, based on forecast wind patterns. This paper compares the program predictions with the actual ash distribution of three major ash-producing events from Ruapehu in 1995 and 1996, and looks at the main sources of error.The accuracy of the forecast wind direction is the main factor affecting the ash distribution. If the forecast wind direction is correct, ASHFALL gives a good indication of where ash will fall. The wind strength has less effect on the ash distribution. The quantity of ash falling downwind depends on the volume of the eruption, and it is difficult to give more than an order of magnitude estimate of this at the time of the eruption. However, analysis of the three events for which the total eruption volumes could be derived from measured ash thicknesses, showed that the ash thickness at any point was generally within a factor of two of that forecast by ASHFALL.

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Section: Total Erupted Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wind Direction and Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of the program ASHFALL for forecasting ashfall during the 1995 and 1996 eruptions of Ruapehu volcano

Hurst¹,

Turner

1999

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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“…Volcanic ash represents a significant hazard to the airline industry and operation of global commerce (Casadevall 1994;Casadevall et al 1996;Prata 2009;Durant et al 2010), water quality (Stewart et al 2006;Stewart et al 2009;Wilson et al 2010), agriculture (Cronin et al 1997;Wilson et al 2010), stability of local infrastructure (Wardman et al 2012a;2012b;Wilson et al 2012), and human health (Baxter et al 1999;Horwell et al 2003aHorwell et al , 2003bHansell et al 2006;Hincks et al 2006;Horwell and Baxter 2006). Because ash can be transported for great distances regardless of the total volume of material actually erupted, it represents one of the farthest reaching volcanic hazards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The size range of bubbles that produce ash during explosive volcanic eruptions

et al. 2013

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Volcanic eruptions can produce ash particles with a range of sizes and morphologies. Here we morphologically distinguish two textural types: Simple (generally smaller) ash particles, where the observable surface displays a single measureable bubble because there is at most one vesicle imprint preserved on each facet of the particle; and complex ash particles, which display multiple vesicle imprints on their surfaces for measurement and may contain complete, unfragmented vesicles in their interiors. Digital elevation models from stereo-scanning electron microscopic images of complex ash particles from the 14 October 1974 sub-Plinian eruption of Volcán Fuego, Guatemala and the 18 May 1980 Plinian eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, U.S.A. reveal size distributions of bubbles that burst during magma fragmentation. Results were compared between these two well-characterized eruptions of different explosivities and magma compositions and indicate that bubble size distributions (BSDs) are bimodal, suggesting a minimum of two nucleation events during both eruptions. The larger size mode has a much lower bubble number density (BND) than the smaller size mode, yet these few larger bubbles represent the bulk of the total bubble volume. We infer that the larger bubbles reflect an earlier nucleation event (at depth within the conduit) with subsequent diffusive and decompressive bubble growth and possible coalescence during magma ascent, while the smaller bubbles reflect a relatively later nucleation event occurring closer in time to the point of fragmentation. Bubbles in the Mount St. Helens complex ash particles are generally smaller, but have a total number density roughly one order of magnitude higher, compared to the Fuego samples. Results demonstrate that because ash from explosive eruptions preserves the size of bubbles that nucleated in the magma, grew, and then burst during fragmentation, the analysis of the ash-sized component of tephra can provide insights into the spatial distribution of bubbles in the magma prior to fragmentation, enabling better parameterization of numerical eruption models and improved understanding of ash transport phenomena that result in pyroclastic volcanic hazards. Additionally, the fact that the ash-sized component of tephra preserves BSDs and BNDs consistent with those preserved in larger pyroclasts indicates that these values can be obtained in cases where only distal ash samples from particular eruptions are obtainable.

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“…Many dairy farms in the Bay of Plenty experienced tephra fall with the 1995/1996 Ruapehu eruptions. Whilst the farm did not experience any tephra fall during the event, only a slight variation in wind direction would have covered the farm (Cronin et al, 1997). As an andesitic centre, eruptive activity would be on a much smaller scale, however the higher frequency with which it erupts suggests tephra fall from this centre is perhaps more likely to affect 'Tulachard' than a more infrequent rhyolitic eruption.…”

Section: Tongariromentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential impact of ash eruptions on dairy farms from a study of the effects on a farm in eastern Bay of Plenty, New Zealand; implications for hazard mitigation

Wilson

Cole

2007

Nat Hazards

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Abstract. This study investigates the impact tephra fall would have on 'Tulachard', a dairy farming operation at Rerewhakaaitu, North Island, New Zealand. This includes analysis of the potential effects on the dairy shed and milking machine, electrical supply and distribution, water supply and distribution, tractors and other farm vehicles, farm buildings (haysheds, pump sheds, implement sheds, etc), milk tanker access to the farm and critical needs of dairy cows and farm to keep milking. One of the most vulnerable areas identified in the study was the cooling of milk at the milking shed, pending dairy tanker pick-up. The cooling system's condenser is exposed to the atmosphere and falling tephra would make it highly vulnerable. Laboratory testing with wet and dry tephra was conducted to determine its resilience to tephra ingestion. It was found to perform satisfactorily during dry testing, but during wet testing significant clogging/blocking of the condenser's radiator occurred, dramatically reducing airflow through the condenser. Specific mitigation recommendations have been developed which include cleaning with compressed air and adapting farm management techniques to lessen usage of the condenser during a tephra fall event. Specific recommendations for management of the entire farm operation are given for dairy farmers to mitigate the effects of a tephra fall event.

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Impact of Ruapehu ash fall on soil and pasture nutrient status 1. October 1995 eruptions

Cited by 34 publications

References 12 publications

Performance of the program ASHFALL for forecasting ashfall during the 1995 and 1996 eruptions of Ruapehu volcano

Performance of the program ASHFALL for forecasting ashfall during the 1995 and 1996 eruptions of Ruapehu volcano

The size range of bubbles that produce ash during explosive volcanic eruptions

Potential impact of ash eruptions on dairy farms from a study of the effects on a farm in eastern Bay of Plenty, New Zealand; implications for hazard mitigation

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