Impact of Siloxane Impurities on the Performance of an Engine Operating on Renewable Natural Gas

Nair, Nitin; Zhang, Xianwei; Gutierrez, Jorge A.; Chen, Jack; Egolfopoulos, Fokion N.; Tsotsis, Theodore T.

doi:10.1021/ie302751n

Cited by 37 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…When siloxanes-containing biogases are used as an energy vector, silica microparticulates formed at high temperatures can create fouling and abrasion effects that are highly detrimental to the engine components of natural gas-fueled vehicles (Nair et al, 2012(Nair et al, , 2013Jalali et al, 2013;de Arespacochaga et al, 2015), to the anodic side of biogas-fueled solid oxide fuel cells (Haga et al, 2008;Madi et al, 2015) and to the catalysts used for Arespacochaga et al (2015).…”

Section: Siloxanes Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogas Management: Advanced Utilization for Production of Renewable Energy and Added-value Chemicals

Yentekakis

Goula

2017

Front. Environ. Sci.

106

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Biogas is widely available as a product of anaerobic digestion of urban, industrial, animal and agricultural wastes. Its indigenous local-base production offers the promise of a dispersed renewable energy source that can significantly contribute to regional economic growth. Biogas composition typically consists of 35-75% methane, 25-65% carbon dioxide, 1-5% hydrogen along with minor quantities of water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and halides. Current utilization for heating and lighting is inefficient and polluting, and, in the case of poor quality biogas (CH 4 /CO 2 < 1), exacerbated by detrimental venting to the atmosphere. Accordingly, innovative and efficient strategies for improving the management and utilization of biogas for the production of sustainable electrical power or high added-value chemicals are highly desirable. Utilization is the focus of the present review in which the scientific and technological basis underlying alternative routes to the efficient and eco-friendly exploitation of biogas are described and discussed. After concisely reviewing state-of-the-art purification and upgrading methods, in-depth consideration is given to the exploitation of biogas in the renewable energy, liquid fuels, transport and chemicals sectors along with an account of potential impediments to further progress.Keywords: biogas, upgrading, purification, utilization, SOFC, ethylene, reforming, siloxanes BIOGAS Efficient management of ever-increasing amounts of municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes in order to minimize their environmental impact is an urgent necessity. Biological treatment of wastes, which can be carried out either aerobically or anaerobically, is widely applied in this area. Due to their several advantages the anaerobic processes are to be preferred because they require considerably smaller installations, produce less sludge, operate at lower temperatures and are suited to periodic operation. Much more importantly, they generate biogas, which is an attractive potential source of renewable energy and/or added-value chemicals due to its high content of methane and CO 2 . Anaerobic digestion (AD) can proceed over a wide temperature range, from phychrophilic (ca. 10-20 • C) and mesophilic (ca. 20-45 • C) up to thermophilic (ca. 45-65 • C) and hyperthermophilic (ca. ∼70 • C) levels, by means of cooperation between anaerobes and facultative anaerobe microorganisms, which successively promote a sequence of hydrolysis-acidogenesis,

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Section: Siloxanes Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogas Management: Advanced Utilization for Production of Renewable Energy and Added-value Chemicals

Yentekakis

Goula

2017

Front. Environ. Sci.

106

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“…Nair et al [128] compared the performance of two pilot ICEs (250 and 150 W e each) operated with natural gas; one was spiked with D4 and L2 (equimolar composition; 10 ppm v total) and the other had no impurities. The exhaust gas composition (CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , NO, NO 2 , and NO x ) before and after catalytic treatment was monitored over 500 h, showing a reduction in the efficiency of CO conversion from 90% to 50% for the engine using the gas containing siloxanes.…”

Section: Internal Combustion Engines (Ice)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the effects of the origin, occurrence, monitoring, control, fate and removal of siloxanes on the energetic valorization of sewage biogas—A review

Arespacochaga

Valderrama

Raich-Montiu

et al. 2015

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

106

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“…3,4 Consequently, biogas combustion without siloxane purication leads to considerable damage to the energy recovery systems (Table S2 † is a summary of both linear and cyclic siloxanes and their properties). Micro-organisms in the absence of air produce biogas by anaerobic metabolism 1 which contains traces of various adverse compounds (Table S1 † shows the biogas detailed composition 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superhydrophobic and stable mesoporous polymeric adsorbent for siloxane removal: D4 super-adsorbent

et al. 2015

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Synthesis of a new class of siloxane adsorbent (D4) was done to purify methane-rich gases including biogas and digester gas, at near ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. The nanoporous polymeric adsorbent with controlled wettability was successfully prepared under solvothermal conditions. Imidazole groups were introduced into the samples by copolymerization of divinylbenzene (DVB) with 1vinylimidazole (VI). The copolymer composition was varied to obtain optimum adsorption performance.Low-cost PDVB and PDVB-VI were evaluated under different adsorption conditions with a gas flow rate of 10 mL min À1 . To simulate near real time biogas composition, 50%-relative humidity at 25 C was maintained to assess the effect of humidity on D4 removal efficiency. In addition, the mixture gas was used to evaluate the adsorptive activity in the presence of CO 2 (up to 35%). While PDVB alone demonstrates a significant adsorption activity with a capacity of 1951 AE 74 mg g À1 , an improvement in adsorption capacity to 2370 AE 92 mg g À1 , was noted with PDVB-VI. Characterization of exhausted adsorbent demonstrates the correlation between D4 adsorption and PDVB-VI-x textural properties. Finally, PDVB-VI-x was readily regenerated after five cycles with less than 10% loss in adsorption activity under both dry and humid conditions.

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Impact of Siloxane Impurities on the Performance of an Engine Operating on Renewable Natural Gas

Cited by 37 publications

References 27 publications

Biogas Management: Advanced Utilization for Production of Renewable Energy and Added-value Chemicals

Biogas Management: Advanced Utilization for Production of Renewable Energy and Added-value Chemicals

Understanding the effects of the origin, occurrence, monitoring, control, fate and removal of siloxanes on the energetic valorization of sewage biogas—A review

Superhydrophobic and stable mesoporous polymeric adsorbent for siloxane removal: D4 super-adsorbent

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