Impact of Smoking Habit on Peri-Implant Indicators following Different Therapies: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Peri-implant disease and its treatment is becoming a major concern for clinicians as the number of implants placed each year is rising. Smoking is a common habit, and it is associated with an increased risk of developing peri-implant disease. The role of smoking in the response to peri-implant treatment has never been investigated. Searches were conducted in electronic databases to screen articles published until August 2021. The included studies had at least two groups of patients: peri-implant disease only or peri-implant disease and smoking status. Outcomes of interest included plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP), radiographic crestal bone loss (CBL), and analysis of peri-implant sulcular fluid. Seven hundred and forty-nine articles were found in the databases, only 71 articles potentially qualified. A total of seven studies with a minimum follow-up of six months were included. There is no homogeneity in the diagnosis, smoker definition and treatment proposed. All surgical and non-surgical treatment have statistically significantly different outcomes in smokers and nonsmokers. Recognizing this study’s limitations, we conclude that smoking might play a significant role on the outcome of peri-implant disease treatment. None of the proposed treatments appear to be significantly more effective.

The Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms on the Expression of Interleukin-1beta, Prostaglandin E2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…On the other hand, in a study evaluating the phenomenon of corticalization of the peri-implant jawbone in tobacco smokers, a correlation was observed between smoking and changes in bone structure in radio textures near the implants [ 10 ]. Other studies have shown that smoking may affect the outcome of peri-implant disease treatment [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Management of Advanced Peri-Implantitis by Guided Bone Regeneration in Combination with Trabecular Metal Fixtures, Two Months after Removal of the Failed Implants: Two-Year Results of a Single-Cohort Clinical Study

“…According to the recent literature, a key role for the onset and progression of peri-implantitis can be ascribed to the oxidative stress due to diabetes mellitus [6] and other unfavorable local and systemic metabolic conditions causing an inflammatory burden [7], in association with a polymicrobial infection that may affect peri-implant bone and soft tissues [8]. Also, like periodontitis, a greater risk of developing peri-implantitis as well as worse outcomes of both surgical and nonsurgical treatment have been observed in tobacco smokers, as compared to non-smokers [9]. A recent comparative study demonstrated that smoking cigarettes may adversely affect the primary and secondary stability of implants immediately placed in post-extraction sockets [10].…”

Combined Treatment of Peri-Implantitis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Patient-related factors peri-implantitis include smoking, systemic diseases, osteoporosis, long-term corticosteroid treatment, chemotherapy [29][30][31][32]. Patients with type 2 diabetes are at high risk of peri-implantitis [33].…”