Impact of SO42−, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions in Caspian Sea ion-engineered water on the rate of wettability alteration in carbonates

Bazhanova, Meruyet; Pourafshary, Peyman

doi:10.1007/s13202-020-01006-z

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Academia and the industry experts have been using spontaneous imbibition, core flooding, atomic force microscopy, zeta potentiometry, and sessile drop contact angle measurements to study the effect of the ion-tuned water flooding. − These studies can be grouped into two categories: macroscale and micro- to nanoscale. The former studies analyze the relationship between the injected and the produced fluids while the latter focus on nanoscale surface properties, though there have been several issues with upscaling the nanoscale surface properties …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pore-Scale Investigation of the Ion-Tuned Water Effect on the Surface Properties of Limestone Reservoirs

et al. 2021

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Ion-tuned waterflooding is a novel enhanced oil recovery method that involves modifying the ionic composition of the injected water (sea) to change the wetting properties of reservoir rocks. Currently, there is, however, no agreement among researchers on the mechanisms of the ion-tuned effect (ITE). In this study, we have conducted a pore-scale study to directly visualize the changes in oil recovery and contact angle alteration in carbonate rock samples. This was achieved by completing a series of core-flooding experiments with alternated ion composition of brines and micro-CT imaging. In addition, these results were correlated with macro- and nanoscale measurements represented by sessile-drop contact angle and DLVO-based contact angle calculation. The results show that, for both ways, either an increase or a decrease in the calcium concentration in the injected water leads to an increase in water wettability and, therefore, increased recovery. When comparing the evidence among the studies of macro-, pore-, and nanoscales, it becomes clear that electrical double-layer expansion is a dominant mechanism at a low calcium concentration, while surface ion exchange is due primarily to a high calcium concentration. It is also noteworthy that plain seawater is proven to be an effective wettability-altering agent for carbonates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pore-Scale Investigation of the Ion-Tuned Water Effect on the Surface Properties of Limestone Reservoirs

et al. 2021

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“…PDIs are primarily sulfate, calcium, and magnesium (SO 4 2− , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) ions that interact with the carbonate surface. Hence, the amount of active ions in the injected brine and the porous media are essential for alteration in fluid/rock interactions and the LSW performance [21][22][23][24][25]. The concentrations of inactive ions, such as Na + and Cl − , are also critical in influencing different mechanisms [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data-Driven Analyses of Low Salinity Waterflooding in Carbonates

2021

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Low salinity water (LSW) injection is a promising Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technique that has the potential to improve oil recovery and has been studied by many researchers. LSW flooding in carbonates has been widely evaluated by coreflooding tests in prior studies. A closer look at the literature on LSW in carbonates indicates a number of gaps and shortcomings. It is difficult to understand the exact relationship between different controlling parameters and the LSW effect in carbonates. The active mechanisms involved in oil recovery improvement are still uncertain and more analyses are required. To predict LSW performance and study the mechanisms of oil displacement, data collected from available experimental studies on LSW injection in carbonates were analyzed using data analysis approaches. We used linear regression to study the linear relationships between single parameters and the incremental recovery factor (RF). Correlations between rock, oil, and brine properties and tertiary RF were weak and negligible. Subsequently, we analyzed the effect of oil/brine parameters on LSW performance using multivariable linear regression. Relatively strong linear correlations were found for a combination of oil/brine parameters and RF. We also studied the nonlinear relationships between parameters by applying machine learning (ML) nonlinear models, such as artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and decision tree (DT). These models showed better data fitting results compared to linear regression. Among the applied ML models, DT provided the best correlation for oil/brine parameters, as ANN and SVM overfitted the testing data. Finally, different mechanisms involved in the LSW effect were analyzed based on the changes in the effluent PDIs concentration, interfacial tension, pH, zeta potential, and pressure drop.

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“…,Strand et al (2008),Romanuka et al (2012),Bazhanova and Pourafshary (2020), and others. They suggested that the MIE is the mechanism of the wettability alteration in the carbonate reservoirs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comprehensive investigation of low salinity waterflooding in carbonate reservoirs

Snosy

Ela

El-Banbi

et al. 2021

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Waterflooding has been practiced as a secondary recovery mechanism for many years with no regard to the composition of the injected brine. However, in the last decade, there has been an interest to understand the impact of the injected water composition and the low salinity waterflooding (LSWF) in oil recovery. LSWF has been investigated through various laboratory tests as a promising method for improving oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs. These experiments showed diverse mechanisms and results. In this study, a comprehensive review and analysis for results of more than 300 carbonate core flood experiments from published work were performed to investigate the effects of several parameters (injected water, oil, and rock properties along with the temperature) on oil recovery from carbonate rock. The analysis of the results showed that the water composition is the key parameter for successful waterflooding (WF) projects in the carbonate rocks. However, the salinity value of the injected water seems to have a negligible effect on oil recovery in both secondary and tertiary recovery stages. The study indicated that waterflooding with optimum water composition can improve oil recovery up to 30% of the original oil in place. In addition, the investigation showed that changing water salinity from LSWF to high salinity waterflooding can lead to an incremental oil recovery of up to 18% in the tertiary recovery stage. It was evident that applying the optimum composition in the secondary recovery stage is more effective than applying it in the tertiary recovery stage. Furthermore, the key parameters of the injected water and rock properties in secondary and tertiary recovery stages were studied using Fractional Factorial Design. The results revealed that the concentrations of Mg2+, Na+, K+, and Cl− in the injected water are the greatest influence parameters in the secondary recovery stage. However, the most dominant parameters in the tertiary recovery stage are the rock minerals and the concentration of K+, HCO3−, and SO42− in the injected water. In addition, it appears that the anhydrite percentage in the carbonate reservoirs may be an effective parameter in the tertiary WF. Also, there are no clear relations between the incremental oil recovery and the oil properties (total acid number or total base number) in both secondary and tertiary recovery stages. In addition, the results of the analysis showed an incremental oil recovery in all ranges of the studied flooding temperatures. The findings of this study can help to establish guidelines for screening and designing optimum salinity and composition for WF projects in carbonate reservoirs.

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Impact of SO42−, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions in Caspian Sea ion-engineered water on the rate of wettability alteration in carbonates

Cited by 12 publications

References 38 publications

Pore-Scale Investigation of the Ion-Tuned Water Effect on the Surface Properties of Limestone Reservoirs

Pore-Scale Investigation of the Ion-Tuned Water Effect on the Surface Properties of Limestone Reservoirs

Data-Driven Analyses of Low Salinity Waterflooding in Carbonates

Comprehensive investigation of low salinity waterflooding in carbonate reservoirs

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