Impact of Social Concern on Cyberbullying Perpetration in Iran: Direct, Indirect, Mediating, and Conditioning Effects in Agnew’s Social Concern Theory

Cyberstalking Victimization: An Empirical Assessment of RAT Among Female Iranian College Students

“…Iranian adolescents were found to have higher scores for cyberbullying than Finnish adolescents on all measures (e.g., "another sent nasty SMS messages to you" or "another put up nasty pictures of you on the Internet"), both as perpetrators and victims. Other scholars who have studied technology-enabled crime using Iranian samples have also supported the finding that online interpersonal violence is prevalent in Iran and have called for more research on technology-enabled crime with Iranian samples (Kabiri et al, 2020;Shadmanfaat et al, 2020).…”

“…Although cyberstalking has not been empirically examined in an Iranian context before this study, some studies suggest that online interpersonal violence is becoming more widespread in Iran and is deserving of empirical scrutiny (Jaghoory et al, 2015;Kabiri et al, 2020;Shadmanfaat et al, 2020). For instance, Jaghoory et al (2015) compared the prevalence of cyberbullying between Iranian adolescents and Finnish adolescents using the same instrument.…”

Can Social Concern Theory Explain Quarantine-Related Misbehavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic? An Inquiry in the Urban Context of Iran

“…For example, using a nationally-representative sample of American adults, TenEyck and Barnes (2018) found that social concern was negatively related to a variety scale of criminal behavior. In a study of Iranian high school students, Shadmanfaat et al (2021) found that the social concern components had both direct and indirect effects on students' cyberbullying perpetration. Chouhy et al's (2017) study of adolescent delinquency found mixed results.…”

“…Four components of Agnew's SCT were measured: (1) care for others, 2) desire for close ties, (3) moral intuitions, and (4) conformity to others. 1 Previous research (Shadmanfaat et al, 2021) demonstrated that SCT and its four components have a good predictive validity in Iranian society and successfully could predict 40% of the individual differences in respondents' self-reported deviant behavior. The social concern variables consist of a higher-order social concern scale as well as the four social concern subscales.…”

The Nature and Role of Morality in Offending: A Moral Foundations Approach

“…And whereas social learning/rational choice theory extends this perspective by focusing on moral emotions (Grasmick et al 1993), guilt and shame are usually measured as anticipated emotions in response to (self-reported) projected involvement in acts of offending (i.e., how guilty would you feel if you stole something from someone) (but, see Van Gelder et al 2014). And, in the handful of studies that have attempted to test social concern theory (e.g., Chouhy, Hochstetler, and Cullen 2017; Shadmanfaat et al 2020), the “moral intuitions” component of social concern is operationalized using Bandura et al’s (1996) “moral disengagement” scale, which includes items such as “damaging property is no big deal…,” “it is alright to beat someone who bad mouths your family,” and “it is all right to fight when your group’s honor is threatened”—all of which are clearly linked to offending.…”