Impact of Soil Management Practices on Nitrogen Leaching

Thomas, Grant W.; Smith, M. Scott; Phillips, R. E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-87393-4.50015-0

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It is important to mention that similar studies have been done on the effect of conservation tillage methods on nitrate migration with ambiguous results. Thomas et al (1989) found that N (applied to the surface in the form of ammonium nitrate) leached more quickly under no-till systems than in conventionally tilled ones. This finding was based on the higher N concentrations found below 90 cm in no-till systems.…”

Section: Nitrate Percolationmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In attempting to solve soil erosion problems with no-till agriculture that uses crop residues to protect the soil, nitrate migration to ground water is likely to occur in the Patzcuaro watershed because of increased water infiltration and reduced runoff (Doran, 1980;Rice and Smith, 1984;Fox and Bandel, 1986;Papendick et al, 1987;Thomas et al, 1989;Tapia-Vargas et al, 2002). Farmers commonly apply heavy rates of N fertilization to attain high crop yields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS¹

Tiscareño-López¹,

Velásquez-Valle²,

Salinas-García³

et al. 2004

J American Water Resour Assoc

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Intensive cropping systems based on mechanical movement of soil have induced land degradation in most agricultural areas due to soil erosion and soil fertility losses. Thus, farmers have been increasing fertilization rates to maintain an economically competitive crop yield. This practice has resulted in water quality degradation and lake eutrophication in many agricultural watersheds. Research was conducted in the Patzcuaro watershed in central Mexico to develop appropriate technology that prevents nonpoint source pollution from fertilizers. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) losses in runoff and nitrate (NO3‐N) percolation in Andisols with corn under conventional till (CT) and no‐till (NT) treatments using variable percentages of crop residue as soil cover were investigated for steep‐slope agriculture. USLE type runoff plots were used to collect water runoff, while suction tubes with porous caps at 30, 60, and 90 cm depth were used to sample soil water solutes for NO3‐N analyses. Results indicated a significant reduction of N and OM losses in runoff as residue cover increased in the NT treatments. Inorganic N in runoff was 25 kg/ha for NT without residue cover (NT‐0) and 6 kg/ha for the NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). Organic matter losses in runoff were 157 and 24 kg/ha for the NT‐0 and NT‐100 treatments, respectively. Nitrate‐N percolation was evident in CT and NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). However, NT‐100 had higher NO3‐N concentration at the root zone, suggesting the possibility of reducing fertilization rates with the use of NT treatments.

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Section: Nitrate Percolationmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS¹

Tiscareño-López¹,

Velásquez-Valle²,

Salinas-García³

et al. 2004

J American Water Resour Assoc

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“…Nitrate leaching losses from sandy soils can be greater under NT than under CT because of the higher moisture content (Thomas et al, 1973) On the contrary, Meisinger et al (1992b) reported that NO − 3 –N leaching is not a highly efficient process in structured soils due to preferential flow through macropores, which are increased under NT (Thomas et al, 1989) However, NT generally shows a greater infiltration capacity than CT because of continuous macropores that are open at the soil surface (Unger and McCalla, 1980) Therefore, initial leaching losses of surface‐applied N could be rapid under NT if heavy rainfall occurred soon after fertilizer application, probably resulting in a significant movement of water and NO − 3 –N through macropores (Tyler and Thomas, 1977) Conversely, fertilizer that had time to diffuse into aggregate micropores would be protected from subsequent leaching because of the higher proportion of water flowing through the macropores system under NT (Cameron and Haynes, 1986) Therefore, the predictability of the PSNT would not be improved by sampling deeper than 30 cm under NT.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Presidedress Soil Nitrogen Test for No‐Tillage Maize Fertilized at Planting

Rozas¹,

Echeverría²,

Studdert³

et al. 2000

Agronomy Journal

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determined at planting, and N min is estimated from organic N content multiplied by a mineralization coeffi-Soil N transformations under no-tillage (NT) could affect the utility cient (1-3%). This methodology can be subject to conof the presidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT), particularly where early season growing conditions are cool as in Balcarce, Argentina. The siderable error because a variable fraction of soil PSNT was evaluated for irrigated NT maize (Zea mays L.) with mineral N at planting in humid climates can be lost different N rates (Exp. 1) and for rainfed maize under NT and convenbefore plant uptake (Hergert, 1987). Besides, the magnitional tillage (CT) with different preceding crops and N rates (Exp.tude of N mineralization depends on organic matter 2). In both experiments, N was surface broadcast as (NH 2 ) 2 CO at content, substrate quality and accessibility, soil moisplanting. The reliability of the PSNT was evaluated when NH ؉ 4 -N ture, and temperature (Rice and Havlin, 1994). was determined and when samples were taken up to a 60-cm depth Recent studies using the PSNT have shown a good in the first experiment. In this experiment, the relative yield (RY) correlation between maize grain yield and surface soil was highly correlated (R 2 ϭ 0.61-0.86) with soil NO Ϫ 3 -N concentration NO Ϫ 3 -N content when plants are at V4 to V6 (Magdoff (0-30 cm) at the six-leaf stage (V6). The reliability (R 2 ) did not imet al., 1984; Fox et al., 1989; Binford et al., 1992; Meiprove when NH ؉ 4 -N was determined or when sampling was done up to a 60-cm depth. In the second experiment, there was a good relation-singer et al., 1992b; Sims et al., 1995). Soil NO Ϫ 3 -N conship between the RY and NO Ϫ 3 -N concentration (0-30 cm) at V6 tent at that stage represents the net balance between (R 2 ϭ 0.47), and the R 2 value increased (R 2 ϭ 0.61) when the preceding production (mineralization from soil organic matter, crop was wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Soil NO Ϫ 3 -N critical concenmanure, and/or fertilizers) and loss (leaching, denitrifitrations ranged between 17 and 27 mg kg Ϫ1 and were associated with cation, and immobilization) because little or no N upa RY of 0.92 or higher in both experiments. The results of this studytake occurs prior to that stage (Meisinger et al., 1992b).show that the PSNT can be used to evaluate preplant N applications Magdoff et al. (1984) have proposed the PSNT as an as a complementary method to N budget in maize under different index of N-mineralization intensity from soil organic management practices.

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Soil N Management Impact on the Quality of Surface and Subsurface Water

2004

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Nitrogen (N) in the forms of nitrate or ammonium is a nutrient needed for plant growth. When the amount of soil‐supplied N is considered deficient for satisfactory crop yields, N fertilizer is added to supplement the soil‐supplied N. If N is supplied in excess of crop needs, a surplus is created that can cause significant water quality problems. Until recently, the main reason for investigations into the forms of N in soil systems below the rooting depth of plants was to evaluate the loss of nitrate to crops and to estimate the loss of production. In recent years, much attention has been focused on forms of N as potential pollutant sources of both groundwater and surface water. Nitrate concentrations above a certain level in drinking water may have critical health effects on animals and human infants. Alternately, N can also contribute to surface water contamination via surface water runoff and erosion. Excessive nitrate concentrations in surface water bodies, such as streams or lakes, can accelerate algae and plant growth, resulting in oxygen depletion. Nitrogen must be managed properly to protect water quality. Best management practices (BMPs) are methods that are the most effective, practical means of preventing or reducing nutrient pollution from nonpoint sources. Nitrogen BMPs primarily involve a change in fertilizer management practices, such as changing the timing, placement method, and/or the amount of fertilizer applied to reduce the possibilities of contaminating water resources. In addition, conservation tillage practices, cover crops, and crop rotation all help reduce surface runoff, erosion, and leaching of soil N. It is imperative to continue the development and implementation of new and effective management practices that increase N recovery and reduce potential N losses to the environment.

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Impact of Soil Management Practices on Nitrogen Leaching

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS¹

NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS¹

Evaluation of the Presidedress Soil Nitrogen Test for No‐Tillage Maize Fertilized at Planting

Soil N Management Impact on the Quality of Surface and Subsurface Water

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Impact of Soil Management Practices on Nitrogen Leaching

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS1

NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS1

Evaluation of the Presidedress Soil Nitrogen Test for No‐Tillage Maize Fertilized at Planting

Soil N Management Impact on the Quality of Surface and Subsurface Water

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Product

Resources

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NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS¹

NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS¹