Impact of Sports Mass Media on the Behavior and Health of Society. A Systematic Review

Puertas-Molero, Pilar; Rafael, Marfil-Carmona; Zurita-Ortega, Félix; González-Valero, Gabriel

doi:10.3390/ijerph16030486

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Therefore, being pedagogical on aggression and violence during the broadcasting of football matches may play an important role in society as a whole, and it deserves a special role for fans education if the respect for referees is emphasized. Mass media reaches vast audiences and has the potential to make a huge social impact ( Puertas-Molero et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“The Referee Plays to Be Insulted!”: An Exploratory Qualitative Study on the Spanish Football Referees’ Experiences of Aggression, Violence, and Coping

2021

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Referees are essential participants in the sport of football. They are responsible for enforcing the rules and achieving the necessary impartiality for the matches. Referees are often target of hostile reactions from fans, players, and coaches. However, few studies have focused on these experiences and the strategies they use to manage them. In order to fill this gap, a qualitative interview-based study was developed to explore the experiences of a group of football referees (four males and four females) on aggression, violence, and coping. A thematic analysis was developed combining inductive and deductive processes. Results indicated that the most frequent aggressions experienced were verbal abuse. Most of the aggressions from spectators were of a sexist nature. When aggressions were considered normal by referees, symbolic violence emerged. Racist aggressions were directed to the two Moroccan participants. Problem and emotional-focused coping strategies were identified. The two most common referee responses to coaches’ and players’ verbal abuse were penalties and send-off calls. Smiling and not considering insults as a personal matter were two emotional-focused coping strategies used toward spectator aggressions. Implications for the referees’ job and well-being as well as the quality of football competitions were highlighted to reduce aggressions and violence and to help referees to cope with hostile behaviors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“The Referee Plays to Be Insulted!”: An Exploratory Qualitative Study on the Spanish Football Referees’ Experiences of Aggression, Violence, and Coping

2021

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“…Furthermore, it was revealed that the use of media properly can provide long-distance social interaction for athletes in college. Social media as a whole does not affect the interaction and social personality of athletes, but social media is currently experiencing developments to promote sports, brands of sports, and fashion (Pilar et al, 2019). Cranmer, Cassilo, Sanderson, and Troutman (2019) revealed that social media is one of the tools that can be used to interact between sports fans and athletes, it is further revealed that the use of media facilitates the interaction of athletes with fans who may come from outside the city and even abroad.…”

Section: Graph 3 Bar Chart Of Family and Social Media Categories Of Social Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of family and social media in athlete social interactions

Gusdernawati

Widiyanto

2021

j. Sport Area

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Social interaction is an inseparable part of human life, including an athlete, because literally, humans are social creatures. Social interactions carried out in society can be influenced by other factors such as family and social media. This study aims to determine how many roles out social media both on the social interaction of athletes. This research is quantitative research with the instrument used is a questionnaire. The population in this study was 70 National athletes from Riau Province. The analysis technique used is descriptive quantitative in the form of a percentage. The results revealed that the family has a good role with a value of 32.86%, while social media does not have enough roles with a percentage obtained of 40% and for both family and social media have a sufficient role of 34.29%. Social media and family have an adequate role for athletes in social interaction. This study has several limitations including the limited area and scope of research subjects.

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“…Research conducted on violent behavior in the academic field has increased during the last years, finding that families and educational agents can greatly influence the development and tolerance of this type of violent behavior [7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Amongst the elements for reducing these harmful behaviors, individuals must first identify the problem so that they can then create behavioral patterns which will become established in later life stages such as adulthood [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, it has been determined that regular exercise produces a type of socialization that is highly interesting as a subject of research. In this sense, the development of physical activity offers an excellent medium for the reduction of violent conduct [13,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Level of Empathy, Attitude towards Physical Education and Victimization in Adolescents: A Multi-Group Structural Equation Analysis

Arufe-Giráldez

Zurita-Ortega

Ruz

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Currently, there is a problem related to violence and tolerance towards violence, and the levels of empathy of the subjects can affect this, in addition to the practice of physical activity. The present study sought to define and contrast an explanatory model of victimization, empathy and attitude towards physical education, and to analyze the existing relationships between these variables as a function of engagement with physical activity. A total of 2388 adolescents from Spain participated in this research. The sample was made up of both sexes (43.39% males and 56.61% females), with ages reported between 11 and 17 years (M = 13.85; SD = 1.26). Empathy (TECA), attitude towards physical education (CAEF) and victimization (EV) were measured. A multi-group structural equation model was developed, which showed excellent fit to the empirical data (χ2 = 559.577; DF = 38; p < 0.001; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.957; normalized fit index (NFI) = 0.954; incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.957; root mean squared error of the mean (RMSEA) = 0.054). A direct positive relationship exists between affective and cognitive empathy. A positive association was found between motivational climate and engagement in physical activity. With regards to victimization, the verbal dimension obtained the highest correlation score, followed by the relational and physical dimensions. In the case of adolescents who regularly engaged in physical activity, the verbal and physical dimensions presented the weakest correlations, whilst the relational dimension was the most strongly associated in the case of sedentary adolescents. The main conclusions of the present study it is that the relationship between affective empathy and cognitive empathy is positive and direct, however, this relationship is slightly stronger and differentiated in sedentary adolescents than in those who practice physical activity on a regular basis.

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Impact of Sports Mass Media on the Behavior and Health of Society. A Systematic Review

Cited by 31 publications

References 57 publications

“The Referee Plays to Be Insulted!”: An Exploratory Qualitative Study on the Spanish Football Referees’ Experiences of Aggression, Violence, and Coping

“The Referee Plays to Be Insulted!”: An Exploratory Qualitative Study on the Spanish Football Referees’ Experiences of Aggression, Violence, and Coping

The role of family and social media in athlete social interactions

Association between Level of Empathy, Attitude towards Physical Education and Victimization in Adolescents: A Multi-Group Structural Equation Analysis

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