Impact of the charging conditions on the discharge performance of rechargeable iron-anodes for alkaline iron–air batteries

Weinrich, Henning; Gehring, Markus; Tempel, Hermann; Kungl, Hans; Eichel, Rüdiger‐A.

doi:10.1007/s10800-018-1176-4

Cited by 18 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…9e, f), the calculated data for B-doped Si cells show a good agreement with the experimental data while there is approximately 10% difference in the comparison of the As-doped Si data for 0.3 mA cm −2 discharge pulses. The anode mass conversion efficiencies (utilization efficiencies), (6) w s (p) = (E * ⋅ I dis ⋅ t dis (p))∕(Δm dis (p) + c dis ⋅ t dis (p) + c ocv ⋅ t ocv (p)), within this context, correspond to the ratio between the mass loss due to electrochemical discharge reaction and the total mass loss of the Si electrodes. It can be clearly seen from Fig.…”

Section: Approach For Calculation Of Specific Energies Under Pulsed Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased demand on new battery technologies for electrical energy storage devices, possessing very high-theoretical energy densities and being abundant in terms of resource availability motivate the ongoing research on metal-air batteries progressively [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Among the resource-efficient anode materials, the highest theoretical energy densities can be realized with aluminium and silicon; specific energies are 8091 Wh kg Al −1 and 8461 Wh kg Si −1 while energy densities are 21,845 Wh L Al −1 and 19,715 Wh L Si −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis on discharge behavior and performance of As- and B-doped silicon anodes in non-aqueous Si–air batteries under pulsed discharge operation

et al. 2019

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Very high theoretical specific energies and abundant resource availability have emerged interest in primary Si-air batteries during the last decade. When operated with highly doped Si anodes and EMIm(HF) 2.3 F ionic liquid electrolyte, specific energies up to 1660 Wh kg Si −1 can be realized. Owing to their high-discharge voltage, the most investigated anode materials are ⟨100⟩ oriented highly As-doped Si wafers. As there is substantial OCV corrosion for these anodes, the most favorable mode of operation is continuous discharge. The objective of the present work is, therefore, to investigate the discharge behavior of cells with ⟨100⟩ As-doped Si anodes and to compare their performance to cells with ⟨100⟩ B-doped Si anodes under pulsed discharge conditions with current densities of 0.1 and 0.3 mA cm −2 . Nine cells for both anode materials were operated for 200 h each, whereby current pulse time related to total operating time ranging from zero (OCV) to one (continuous discharge), are considered. The corrosion and discharge behavior of the cells were analyzed and anode surface morphologies after discharge were characterized. The performance is evaluated in terms of specific energy, specific capacity, and anode mass conversion efficiency. While for high-current pulse time fractions, the specific energies are higher for cells with As-doped Si anodes, along with low-current pulse fractions the cells with B-doped Si anodes are more favorable. It is demonstrated, that calculations for the specific energy under pulsed discharge conditions based on only two measurements-the OCV and the continuous discharge-match very well with the experimental data.

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Section: Approach For Calculation Of Specific Energies Under Pulsed Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis on discharge behavior and performance of As- and B-doped silicon anodes in non-aqueous Si–air batteries under pulsed discharge operation

et al. 2019

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“…Furthermore, the reactions given in Equations 12 and 13 provide lower electrode potentials compared to the primary reaction (Equation 10), which makes the former comparatively unattractive for practical application [43,173]. Hence, most researchers typically abort the discharge of Fe-air batteries once the available iron has been oxidized to Fe(OH)2 completely, considering the reactions according to Equations 12 and 13 as a deep-discharge reserve [173,174]. During the discharge of an Fe-air battery, the primary reaction product of the anode, Fe(OH)2, accumulates on the iron electrode surface, driven by the comparatively low solubility of the discharge products in alkaline electrolyte, which is both bane and boon for the electrochemistry of iron electrodes.…”

Section: Electrochemical Characteristics Of Silicon Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In case of Li-O2 batteries, the discharge products accumulate on the carbonaceous cathode, limiting the discharge performance by the access of oxygen to the air cathode rather than the anode properties [40]. However, in particular contrast to Zn-air batteries, dendrite formation and a macroscopic shape-change of the anode have, alternatively, also rarely been reported for Fe-air batteries, boosting the safety and the reversibility of the system, especially at 100% depth-ofdischarge (DoD) of the iron electrode [173,174,184].…”

Section: Electrochemical Characteristics Of Silicon Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SEM-image in Figure 24b depicts one of the most common approaches for the realization of high performance iron anodes, which has originally been proposed by Manohar et al and was investigated by many researchers afterwards [173,174,177,184]. For this type of porous iron electrode, all types of (commercially) available (carbonyl) iron or iron oxide powder [245] are pressed onto a current collector using a polymer binder and bismuth sulfide as performanceenhancing additive.…”

Section: Pressed-plate Microparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Silicon and Iron as Resource-Efficient Anode Materials for Ambient-Temperature Metal-Air Batteries: A Review

Weinrich¹,

Durmus²,

Tempel³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Metal-air batteries provide a most promising battery technology given their outstanding potential energy densities, which are desirable for both stationary and mobile applications in a ‘beyond lithium-ion’ battery market. Silicon- and iron-air batteries underwent less research and development compared to lithium- and zinc-air batteries. Nevertheless, in the recent past, the two also-ran battery systems made considerable progress and attracted rising research interest due to the excellent resource-efficiency of silicon and iron. Silicon and iron are among the top five of the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust, which ensures almost infinite material supply of the anode materials, even for large scale applications. Furthermore, primary silicon-air batteries are set to provide one of the highest energy densities among all batteries, while iron-air batteries are frequently considered as a highly rechargeable system with decent performance characteristics. Considering fundamental aspects for the anode materials, i.e., the metal electrodes, in this review, we will first outline the challenges, which explicitly apply to silicon- and iron-air batteries and prevented them from a broad implementation so far. Afterwards, we provide an extensive literature survey regarding state-of-the-art experimental approaches, which are set to resolve the aforementioned challenges and might enable the introduction of silicon- and iron-air batteries into the battery market in the future.

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Electrochemical Reactivity and Stability of the Fe Electrode in Alkaline Electrolyte

Tan,

Wu,

Manser

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Fe anodes are emerging as cost‐effective components in long duration storage applications, with a benefit being the high natural abundance of Fe. Additive and electrode design have advanced the performance of Fe electrodes, but a more precise understanding of the electrode formation process and failure mechanisms is important for continued optimization. These interfacial electrochemical processes, which involve short‐lived intermediate species, require analysis with high spatial and temporal resolution to provide a full picture. This study therefore explores the behavior of the Fe electrode in alkaline electrolyte using electrochemical liquid cell transmission electron microscopy, extending the technique toward high pH (10–13) conditions. By combining identical location imaging and diffraction, in situ imaging, and benchtop experiments, this study shows distinct microstructural changes on cycling as a function of pH, in particular the appearance of multiple electrodeposited Fe species and a passivation layer. The dependence on electrochemical parameters is discussed, showing that the observations can be related to stability predictions from the Pourbaix diagram. However, it is also necessary to consider kinetic effects, such as the solubility and diffusion of soluble species. Strategies to control these material transformations are discussed as a function of potential, along with opportunities for further optimizing the Fe electrode.

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Impact of the charging conditions on the discharge performance of rechargeable iron-anodes for alkaline iron–air batteries

Cited by 18 publications

References 40 publications

Analysis on discharge behavior and performance of As- and B-doped silicon anodes in non-aqueous Si–air batteries under pulsed discharge operation

Analysis on discharge behavior and performance of As- and B-doped silicon anodes in non-aqueous Si–air batteries under pulsed discharge operation

Silicon and Iron as Resource-Efficient Anode Materials for Ambient-Temperature Metal-Air Batteries: A Review

Electrochemical Reactivity and Stability of the Fe Electrode in Alkaline Electrolyte

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