Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumers’ Access to Essential Medicines in Nigeria

Abstract

COVID-19 is a global pandemic which has seriously impacted the economy of nations. Access to essential medicines is of utmost importance. This study examined the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the ease of access to essential medicines by end users. A cross-sectional survey using electronic questionnaires was conducted on study participants across the 36 states of Nigeria. They were assessed on sociodemographics, health characteristics, and challenges in accessing essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 20, IBM, Armonk, NY) with overall impact of the pandemic operationalized as < 60.0% or ³ 60.0% access to essential medicines by respondents as maximal and minimal impact, respectively. The results showed that 35.2% of the respondents managing chronic illnesses had difficulties accessing essential medicines during the COVID-19 lockdown, with 84.0% experiencing deteriorating chronic health conditions in the light of difficulty in accessing their medicines. The proportion of respondents who sourced for orthodox medicines before COVID-19 lockdown (98.4%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of those who sourced for the same during the lockdown (89.0%). Increase in cost of medicines was observed by 77.7% of participants, with 73.9% of respondents living with chronic illness affirming that their income was negatively affected by the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic had minimal impact on consumers' ability to access essential medicines. However, important challenges identified were poor availability of means of transportation, reduced income, and high cost of medicines, as well as fear of contracting the virus.

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“…We conducted a cross-sectional survey among males and females living in Nigeria at the time of data collection and aged 15 years and older. We used a non-probability convenient sampling technique to recruit the respondents, who were required to fill the questionnaire within the first-one-month period stipulated for the study as used in previous studies [18,19]. The inclusion criteria were being social media users and having access to an internet connection to fill out the online questionnaire.…”

“…The inclusion criteria were being social media users and having access to an internet connection to fill out the online questionnaire. We excluded individuals who do not consent to participate in the study and younger than 15 years of age [18].…”

“…We used a non-probability convenient sampling technique to recruit the respondents, who were required to fill the questionnaire within the first-one-month period stipulated for the study as used in previous studies. 18,19 The inclusion criteria were being social media users and having access to an internet connection to fill out the online questionnaire. We excluded individuals who do not consent to participate in the study and younger than 15 years of age.…”

“…We excluded individuals who do not consent to participate in the study and younger than 15 years of age. 18 Study instrument and administration: The researchers developed the study questionnaire in several stages of drafts and reviews and with contributions from survey research experts. We conducted a pretest among ten respondents from the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria using the drafted questionnaire.…”

“…The final questionnaire was entered into an online survey system, and a link to the electronic questionnaire was shared with respondents across the 36 states of Nigeria using social media platforms, specifically WhatsApp and Facebook because they form a suitable platform for disseminating information in Nigeria. 18 In addition to this, we urge our social media networks to help share the electronic questionnaire to their networks. This was done to facilitate the achievement of more respondents.…”