Impact of the Epithelial Lining Fluid Milieu on Amikacin Pharmacodynamics Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract

Background Even though nebulised administration of amikacin can achieve high epithelial lining fluid concentrations, this has not translated into improved patient outcomes in clinical trials. One possible reason is that the cellular and chemical composition of the epithelial lining fluid may inhibit amikacin-mediated bacterial killing. Objective The objective of this study was to identify whether the epithelial lining fluid components inhibit amikacin-mediated bacterial killing. Methods Two amikacin-susceptible (minimum inhibitory concentrations of 2 and 8 mg/L) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were exposed in vitro to amikacin concentrations up to 976 mg/L in the presence of an acidic pH, mucin and/or surfactant as a means of simulating the epithelial lining fluid, the site of bacterial infection in pneumonia. Pharmacodynamic modelling was used to describe associations between amikacin concentrations, bacterial killing and emergence of resistance. Results In the presence of broth alone, there was rapid and extensive (> 6 − log 10 ) bacterial killing, with emergence of resistance identified in amikacin concentrations < 976 mg/L. In contrast, the rate and extent of bacterial killing was reduced (≤ 5 − log 10 ) when exposed to an acidic pH and mucin. Surfactant did not appreciably impact the bacterial killing or resistance emergence when compared with broth alone for either isolate. The combination of mucin and an acidic pH further reduced the rate of bacterial killing, with the maximal bacterial killing occurring 24 h following initial exposure compared with approximately 4-8 h for either mucin or an acidic pH alone. Conclusions Our findings indicate that simulating the epithelial lining fluid antagonises amikacin-mediated killing of P. aeruginosa, even at the high concentrations achieved following nebulised administration.

Dose optimisation of antibiotics used for meningitis

“…In vivo studies demonstrate that bacterial killing is dependent on the area under the concentration time curve (AUC) to MIC (AUC/MIC) ratio, whilst clinical studies report favourable clinical outcomes in patients with a maximum concentration (C max ) to MIC ratio >8 (Table 1). An acidic (pH < 7) milieu, such as occurs in infected CSF, is known to inhibit aminoglycoside killing of bacteria [42]. Despite this, in vitro and in vivo studies of aminoglycoside mediated bacterial killing in CSF show mixed results [43].…”