Impact of the Human Microbiome on Nephrolithiasis

Abstract

Nephrolithiasis has many causes, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. The interest in the human microbiome is growing because of the advance of new diagnostic techniques, and recent studies have suggested a link between the microbiome and nephrolithiasis. This paper reviewed the role of the microbiome in nephrolithiasis. The absence of Oxalobacter formigenes induces hyperoxaluria, which promotes calcium oxalate stone (CaOx) formation. Escherichia coli promote CaOx supersaturation through hypocitraturia caused by the bacterial production of citrate lyase. Infection stones are associated with urea-splitting organisms, particularly Proteus mirabilis, and the stones themselves contain many species of bacteria.

Chronic kidney disease and gut microbiota

“…In addition, the presence of Faecalibacterium , Enterobacter , and Dorea in kidney stone formers can reduce the probable formation of calcium oxalate stones. Faecalibacterium can decrease oxidative stress and inflammation accompanied with stone formation [ 88 ]. Culturomic analyzes revealed that the number of Oxalobacter formigenes was notably lower in the fecal sample of kidney stone formers than in control subjects.…”