Impact of the leakage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) on Santiago Air Quality

Chen, Tai-Yih; Simpson, Isobel J.; Blake, Donald R.; Rowland, F. S.

doi:10.1029/2000gl012703

Cited by 56 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Based on the loadings of PAHs and n-alkanes, four factors (sources) were identified: high-temperature combustion, fugitive emissions from oil residues, biogenic sources, and unburned fuels. The results of this study are in good agreement with the estimates made by Chen et al 237 Further study by Kavouras et al 238 reported source contributions of PAHs in several cities in Chile and compared the results with Santiago. Tsapakis et al 239 reported on-road and nonroad engine emissions as the main sources of carbonaceous aerosols in fine particle samples in Santiago.…”

Section: Beijing Chinasupporting

confidence: 82%

Megacities and Atmospheric Pollution

Molina

2004

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

692

372

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About half of the world's population now lives in urban areas because of the opportunity for a better quality of life. Many of these urban centers are expanding rapidly, leading to the growth of megacities, which are defined as metropolitan areas with populations exceeding 10 million inhabitants. These concentrations of people and activity are exerting increasing stress on the natural environment, with impacts at urban, regional and global levels. In recent decades, air pollution has become one of the most important problems of megacities. Initially, the main air pollutants of concern were sulfur compounds, which were generated mostly by burning coal. Today, photochemical smog-induced primarily from traffic, but also from industrial activities, power generation, and solvents-has become the main source of concern for air quality, while sulfur is still a major problem in many cities of the developing world. Air pollution has serious impacts on public health, causes urban and regional haze, and has the potential to contribute significantly to climate change. Yet, with appropriate planning, megacities can efficiently address their air quality problems through measures such as application of new emission control technologies and development of mass transit systems.This review is focused on nine urban centers, chosen as case studies to assess air quality from distinct perspectives: from cities in the industrialized nations to cities in the developing world. While each city-its problems, resources, and outlook-is unique, the need for a holistic approach to the complex environmental problems is the same. There is no single strategy in reducing air pollution in megacities; a mix of policy measures will be needed to improve air quality. Experience shows that strong political will coupled with public dialog is essential to effectively implement the regulations required to address air quality problems.

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Section: Beijing Chinasupporting

confidence: 82%

Megacities and Atmospheric Pollution

Molina

2004

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

692

372

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“…The effect of LPG usage on urban air quality had been studied in many large metropolises (Blake and Rowland, 1995;Chen et al, 2001;Gamas et al, 2000;Schifter et al, 2000). For example, Gamas et al (2000) found that LPG leakage from domestic usage was a leading contributor to air pollution in Mexico City.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of changing urban and rural emissions on non-methane hydrocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region of China

Tang

Чан

Chan

et al. 2008

Atmospheric Environment

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Guangzhou (GZ) is one of the highly industrialized and economically vibrant cities in China, yet it remains relatively understudied in terms of its air quality, which has become severely degraded. In this study, extensive air sampling campaigns had been conducted at GZ urban sites and in Dinghu Mountain (DM), a rural site, in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) during the spring of 2001 and 2005. Additionally, roadside and tunnel samples were collected in GZ in 2000 and 2005. Later, exhaust samples from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-and gasoline-fueled taxis were collected in 2006. All samples were analyzed for C 2 -C 10 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). NMHC profiles showed significant differences in the exhaust samples between gasoline-and LPG-fueled taxis. Propane (47%) was the dominant hydrocarbon in the exhaust of the LPG-fueled taxis, while ethene (35%) was the dominant one in that of gasoline-fueled taxis. The use of LPG-fueled buses and taxis since 2003 and the leakage from these LPG-fueled vehicles were the major factors for the much higher level of propane in GZ urban area in 2005 compared to 2001. The mixing ratios of toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene and o-xylene decreased at the GZ and DM sites between 2001 and 2005, especially for toluene in GZ, despite the sharp increase in the number of registered motor vehicles in GZ. This phenomenon was driven in part by the closure of polluting industries as well as the upgrading of the road network in urban GZ and in part by the implementation of more stringent emission standards for polluting industries and motor vehicles in the PRD region. r

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“…Such high levels of air pollutants present a serious public health issue. in causing excessive ozone in Mexico City and in Santiago, Chile (Blake and Rowland, 1995;Chen et al, 2001). The continuous high levels of atmospheric O 3 in summer in Houston, Texas were caused mainly by reactive VOCs emitted by petrochemical industries (Ryerson et al, 2003;Jobson et al, 2004), and vehicular emissions have contributed more than 50% of ambient VOCs in Beijing city .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) measurements in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China

et al. 2008

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Abstract. We measured levels of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at seven sites in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China during the Air Quality Monitoring Campaign spanning 4 October to 3 November 2004. Two of the sites, Guangzhou (GZ) and Xinken (XK), were intensive sites at which we collected multiple daily canister samples. The observations reported here provide a look at the VOC distribution, speciation, and photochemical implications in the PRD region. Alkanes constituted the largest percentage (>40%) in mixing ratios of the quantified VOCs at six sites; the exception was one major industrial site that was dominated by aromatics (about 52%). Highly elevated VOC levels occurred at GZ during two pollution episodes; however, the chemical composition of VOCs did not exhibit noticeable changes during these episodes. We calculated the OH loss rate to estimate the chemical reactivity of all VOCs. Of the anthropogenic VOCs, alkenes played a predominant role in VOC reactivity at GZ, whereas the contributions of reactive aromatics were more important at XK. Our preliminary analysis of the VOC correlations suggests that the ambient VOCs at GZ came directly from local sources (i.e., automobiles); those at XK were influenced by both local emissions and transportation of air mass from upwind areas.

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Impact of the leakage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) on Santiago Air Quality

Cited by 56 publications

References 11 publications

Megacities and Atmospheric Pollution

Megacities and Atmospheric Pollution

Implications of changing urban and rural emissions on non-methane hydrocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region of China

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) measurements in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China

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