Impact of the malaria control campaign (1993-1998) in the highlands of Madagascar: parasitological and entomological data.

Romi, Roberto; Razaiarimanga, M C; R, Raharimanga; Rakotondraibe, E.; Ranaivo, L.; Pietra, Virginio; Raveloson, Andrianirina; Majori, Giancarlo

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.2

Cited by 45 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…The largest reported effect was found in the study by Romi and others, 51 in which an RR for malaria prevalence between the groups with and without coverage by IRS was 0.01 (95% confidence interval = 0.01-0.02), which represented a reduction of 99%. Conversely, the RRs were only approximately 0.9 the study by Charlwood, 52 which indicated a reduction of malaria of only 10%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Among the 13 studies selected for meta-regression analysis, two studies were randomized control trials (RCTs), 39,40 four were cross-sectional studies comparing malaria parasitemia rates in a population that lived in IRS-covered homes to another group that did not, 35,[41][42][43] and seven were cohort studies that assessed the parasitemia rate before IRS intervention and again at a certain time after IRS. 38,[44][45][46][47][48][49] This classification resulted in seven observations from RCTs (16%), 20 observations from cross-sectional studies (44%), and 18 observations from cohort studies (40%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduction of Malaria Prevalence by Indoor Residual Spraying: A Meta-Regression Analysis

Kim

Fedak

Kramer

2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has become an increasingly popular method of insecticide use for malaria control, and many recent studies have reported on its effectiveness in reducing malaria burden in a single community or region. There is a need for systematic review and integration of the published literature on IRS and the contextual determining factors of its success in controlling malaria. This study reports the findings of a meta-regression analysis based on 13 published studies, which were chosen from more than 400 articles through a systematic search and selection process. The summary relative risk for reducing malaria prevalence was 0.38 (95% confidence interval = 0.31-0.46), which indicated a risk reduction of 62%. However, an excessive degree of heterogeneity was found between the studies. The meta-regression analysis indicates that IRS is more effective with high initial prevalence, multiple rounds of spraying, use of DDT, and in regions with a combination of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Malaria Prevalence by Indoor Residual Spraying: A Meta-Regression Analysis

Kim

Fedak

Kramer

2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…NAI is compromised in pregnant women, especially primigravidae, and adults removed from their routine infections apparently lose NAI, at least temporarily. Interventions that reduce exposure below a level capable of maintaining NAI risk the possibility of catastrophic rebound, as occurred in the highlands of Madagascar in the 1980s, with epidemic malaria killing more than 40,000 people (259). Routine exposure to hyper-to holoendemic malaria protects a majority of individuals while killing a minority.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquired Immunity to Malaria

2009

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SUMMARY Naturally acquired immunity to falciparum malaria protects millions of people routinely exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection from severe disease and death. There is no clear concept about how this protection works. There is no general agreement about the rate of onset of acquired immunity or what constitutes the key determinants of protection; much less is there a consensus regarding the mechanism(s) of protection. This review summarizes what is understood about naturally acquired and experimentally induced immunity against malaria with the help of evolving insights provided by biotechnology and places these insights in the context of historical, clinical, and epidemiological observations. We advocate that naturally acquired immunity should be appreciated as being virtually 100% effective against severe disease and death among heavily exposed adults. Even the immunity that occurs in exposed infants may exceed 90% effectiveness. The induction of an adult-like immune status among high-risk infants in sub-Saharan Africa would greatly diminish disease and death caused by P. falciparum. The mechanism of naturally acquired immunity that occurs among adults living in areas of hyper- to holoendemicity should be understood with a view toward duplicating such protection in infants and young children in areas of endemicity.

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“…An estimated 40,000 people died in the epidemic. With Italian aid, DDT spraying was re-introduced for a 5 year period in the 1990s; this brought A. funestus and malaria back under control (13). The intention now is to maintain surveillance and to re-spray any foci of disease which may emerge.…”

Section: Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

¿Debe regresar el uso del DDT para el control de vectores de la malaria?

Curtis

2002

biomedica

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Indoor residual spraying with DDT was the principle method by which malaria transmission was eradicated or greatly reduced in many countries between the late 1940s and 1970s. Since then, decreasing use of DDT has been associated with a resurgence of malaria in India, Sri Lanka, former Soviet Central Asia, Zanzibar, Venezuela and several other Latin American countries. In India and Zanzibar, DDT resistance in vectors, as well as a decline in spray coverage, are probable causes of reduced effectiveness of DDT in recent decades. In southern Europe, eradication of malaria transmission was achieved by DDT spraying in the 1940s and 50s and eradication has been sustained by adequate treatment of imported human malaria cases. In the highlands of Madagascar and South Africa, recent reversion to DDT spraying has been successful in stemming resurgences of malaria. Continued use of DDT for vector control, but not for agriculture, is approved by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. DDE residues in breast milk have been associated with DDT anti-malaria spraying in South Africa, but it is not known whether this is harmful. A claimed association of DDE residues with breast cancer have not been substantiated. There is a recent report of association of DDE residues with probability of premature birth; the possible relevance of this to anti-malarial use of DDT should be investigated. In Colombia, testing of the DDT stockpile for suspensibility, DDT resistance in Anopheles darlingi and investigation of the present affordability of widespread spraying with DDT, compared with alternative chemicals, are recommended.Key words: indoor residual spraying, malaria eradication, malaria resurgence, DDT resistance, DDE in breast milk, DDE and breast cancer, DDE and premature birth, suspensibility of stockpiled DDT.¿Debe regresar el uso del DDT para el control de vectores de la malaria?La aspersión de DDT en las viviendas fue el principal método de erradicación de la transmisión de la malaria, o de una importante reducción, en muchos países durante las décadas del 40 al 70. Desde entonces, el uso cada vez menor del DDT se ha asociado con la reemergencia de la malaria en India, Sri Lanka, la región de Asia central de la antigua Unión Soviética, Zanzibar, Venezuela y varios países latinoamericanos. En India y Zanzíbar, la resistencia de los vectores al DDT, así como un descenso en las aspersiones, son las causas probables de la efectividad reducida del DDT en las últimas décadas. En el sur de Europa, la erradicación de la transmisión de la malaria se logró con el uso del DDT durante la década del 40 y el 50 y se ha mantenido con el manejo adecuado de los casos importados de malaria. En las tierras altas de Madagascar y Suráfrica, la reciente reutilización del DDT ha tenido éxito en detener el resurgimiento de la malaria. El uso continuo del DDT en el control de vectores, no en la agricultura, está aprobado por la Convención de Estocolmo sobre Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes. Los residuos de DDE en la leche materna se h...

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Impact of the malaria control campaign (1993-1998) in the highlands of Madagascar: parasitological and entomological data.

Cited by 45 publications

References 4 publications

Reduction of Malaria Prevalence by Indoor Residual Spraying: A Meta-Regression Analysis

Reduction of Malaria Prevalence by Indoor Residual Spraying: A Meta-Regression Analysis

Acquired Immunity to Malaria

¿Debe regresar el uso del DDT para el control de vectores de la malaria?

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