Impact of the n-6:n-3 long-chain PUFA ratio during pregnancy and lactation on offspring neurodevelopment: 5-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Our results do not show clear benefits or harms of a change in the n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio during pregnancy on offspring's neurodevelopment at preschool age. Findings on cord blood LCPUFAs point to a potential influence on offspring development.

Effects of Nutritional Interventions during Pregnancy on Infant and Child Cognitive Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The attrition rate ranged from 0–99% indicating the potential for bias with a loss to follow-up. Post-hoc data analysis was used in 22 studies [ 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ].…”

“…Table 2 summarises the characteristics of the included studies. The earliest publication was from 1979 [ 76 ] and the latest from 2017 [ 72 , 75 ]. A summary of the studies from the OECD is provided in Supplementary Table S5 .…”

“…Ten RCTs [ 46 , 48 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 64 , 65 , 70 , 72 , 74 ] measured the effect of a nutritional intervention on behaviour composite scores. Multiple outcomes were combined to create a composite score in Brei et al [ 72 ] (2 outcomes), Makrides et al [ 52 ] (2 outcomes), Ramakrishnan et al [ 74 ] (4 outcomes), Zhou et al [ 65 ] (5 outcomes), Zhou et al [ 70 ] (2 outcomes), Caulfield et al [ 57 ] (5 outcomes), and Dunstan et al [ 46 ] (4 outcomes).…”

“…Ten RCTs [ 46 , 48 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 64 , 65 , 70 , 72 , 74 ] measured the effect of a nutritional intervention on behaviour composite scores. Multiple outcomes were combined to create a composite score in Brei et al [ 72 ] (2 outcomes), Makrides et al [ 52 ] (2 outcomes), Ramakrishnan et al [ 74 ] (4 outcomes), Zhou et al [ 65 ] (5 outcomes), Zhou et al [ 70 ] (2 outcomes), Caulfield et al [ 57 ] (5 outcomes), and Dunstan et al [ 46 ] (4 outcomes). There was no significant effect of LCPUFA supplementation ( n = 4 trials) [ 46 , 52 , 72 , 74 ], multiple micronutrient supplementation ( n = 1 trial) [ 53 ], iron supplementation ( n = 1 trial) [ 65 ], iodine supplementation ( n = 1 trial) [ 70 ], zinc supplementation ( n = 1 trial) [ 57 ] or a food-based intervention ( n = 1 trial) [ 64 ] ( Table 3 ) ( Table 3 and Figure 2 ).…”

“…Eighteen RCTs [ 46 , 48 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 67 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 ] measured the effect of a nutritional intervention on the motor skills score. Multiple outcomes were combined to create a composite score in Brei et al [ 72 ] (2 outcomes), Dunstan et al [ 46 ] (2 outcomes), Mulder et al [ 62 ] (2 outcomes), and Christian et al [ 71 ] (2 outcomes). Li et al [ 60 ] Chang et al [ 73 ], and Christian et al [ 71 ] used two interventions and one control group, the sample populations were not independent, therefore the effect sizes were combined.…”