Impact of the organic halide salt on final perovskite composition for photovoltaic applications

Moore, David T.; Sai, Hiroaki; Tan, Kwan Wee; Estroff, Lara A.; Wiesner, Ulrich

doi:10.1063/1.4886275

Cited by 51 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…MAPbI 3−x Cl x obtained from PbCl 2 :MAI (1:3) and MAPbI 3 from PbI 2 :MAI (1:1) show nearly identical XRD patterns that correspond to a MAPbI 3 phase. This suggests that ion exchange occurs between I and Cl during perovskite film formation [19,177]. This observation is also consistent with previous studies on MASnX 3 perovskite crystals, where it was shown that iodide and chloride elements cannot form a continuous mixed MASnI 3−x Cl x phase as a result of the extremely low solubility of chloride in the MASnI 3 phase [178].…”

Section: Precursor Stoichiometrysupporting

confidence: 90%

Under the spotlight: The organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite for optoelectronic applications

et al. 2015

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The dawn of a new era in optoelectronic technologies has emerged with the recent development of the organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite. Its exceptional attributes, including high carrier mobility, an adjustable spectral absorption range, long diffusion lengths, and the simplicity and affordability of fabrication render it one of the most exceptional and market-competitive optoelectronic materials for applications in photovoltaics, light emitting diodes (LED), photodetectors, lasers, and more. Moreover, its versatility in device architecture and ability to achieve relatively high performance devices via various processing techniques makes perovskites a highly promising material for various practical applications. Here, we review the organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite and delve into its recent progress and relevant applications. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Section: Precursor Stoichiometrysupporting

confidence: 90%

Under the spotlight: The organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite for optoelectronic applications

et al. 2015

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“…to understand the underlying crystallization process. 14 While a comprehensive understanding of the single step perovskite deposition process already exists, 15 less attention has been given to the more versatile 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 4 2-step deposition approach. Recently, various alterations to the basic 2-step deposition have been proposed in order to improve photovoltaic performance and reproducibility of devices.…”

Section: Toc Graphicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Closer Look into Two-Step Perovskite Conversion with X-ray Scattering

Schlipf

Docampo

Schaffer

et al. 2015

J. Phys. Chem. Lett.

102

128

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Recently, hybrid perovskites have gathered much interest as alternative materials for the fabrication of highly efficient and cost-competitive solar cells; however, many questions regarding perovskite crystal formation and deposition methods remain. Here we have applied a two-step protocol where a crystalline PbI2 precursor film is converted to MAPbI3-xClx perovskite upon immersion in a mixed solution of methylammonium iodide and methylammonium chloride. We have investigated both films with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering to probe the inner film morphology. Our results demonstrate a strong link between lateral crystal sizes in the films before and after conversion, which we attribute to laterally confined crystal growth. Additionally, we observe an accumulation of smaller grains within the bulk in contrast with the surface. Thus, our results help to elucidate the crystallization process of perovskite films deposited via a two-step technique that is crucial for controlled film formation, improved reproducibility, and high photovoltaic performance.

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“…Several groups studied the role of lead precursors, like PbI 2 , PbCl 2 and PbAc 2 . [19,[27][28][29] www.advancedsciencenews.com presence of chloride, either through methylammonium chloride (MACl) or PbCl 2 , the crystallization kinetics seem to change dramatically. This is further discussed in Section 2.3.…”

Section: One-step (Solvent Engineering)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

318

201

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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Impact of the organic halide salt on final perovskite composition for photovoltaic applications

Cited by 51 publications

References 40 publications

Under the spotlight: The organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite for optoelectronic applications

Under the spotlight: The organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite for optoelectronic applications

A Closer Look into Two-Step Perovskite Conversion with X-ray Scattering

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

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