“…Numerical and experimental analyses of Joule heating in DEP devices have shown the temperature effects on the conductivity of the medium, electrothermal flow, and DEP trapping forces 21–23 . Several DEP studies tried to minimize the Joule heating by using low-conductivity buffer solutions 9,24 , increased or decreased device geometric scale 25–27 , low voltage operation with three-dimensional structure 28 , and coating electrodes with insulation layer 29–31 . In addition, various methods have been applied to measure the heat generation within the DEP device.…”