Impact of the Safe Routes to School program on walking and biking: Eugene, Oregon study

Healthy Urban Environments for Children and Young People: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies

“…Fifteen primary studies (Boarnet et al, 2005a(Boarnet et al, , 2005bBuliung et al, 2011;Deehr and Shumann, 2009;Fitzhugh et al, 2010;Garrard and Crawford, 2010;Hinckson and Badland, 2011;Mammen et al, 2014aMammen et al, , 2014bMcDonald et al, 2013;Morrison et al, 2004;Moudon and Stewart, 2012;Parker et al, 2013;Wen et al, 2008) in relation to 12 interventions were identified which aimed to increase the level of active travel amongst children and young people.…”

“…The majority of primary studies examined the impact of multicomponent programmes which included: Safe Routes to School (Boarnet et al, 2005a(Boarnet et al, , 2005bDeehr and Shumann, 2009;McDonald et al, 2013;Moudon and Stewart, 2012); School Travel Plans (Buliung et al, 2011;Hinckson and Badland, 2011;Mammen et al, 2014aMammen et al, , 2014b; Ride2School (Garrard and Crawford, 2010), and; Central Sydney Walk to School Research programme (Wen et al, 2008). Primary studies in relation to single component interventions included the addition of a bike lane in an urban area (Parker et al, 2013), retrofitting an urban greenway/ trail (Fitzhugh et al, 2010), and introduction of a traffic calming scheme (Morrison et al, 2004).…”

“…The risk of bias due to confounding was considered serious in nine of the studies (Boarnet et al, 2005a(Boarnet et al, , 2005bBuliung et al, 2009;Deehr and Shumann, 2009;Fitzhugh et al, 2010;Garrard and Crawford, 2010;Morrison et al, 2004;Moudon and Stewart, 2012;Parker et al, 2013). The risk of bias due to selection of participants (Boarnet et al, 2005a(Boarnet et al, , 2005bBuliung et al, 2009;Deehr and Shumann, 2009;Fitzhugh et al, 2010;Garrard and Crawford, 2010;Hinckson and Badland, 2011;Mammen et al, 2014aMammen et al, , 2014bMcDonald et al, 2013;Morrison et al, 2004;Moudon and Stewart, 2012;Parker et al, 2013) and measurement outcomes (Boarnet et al, 2005a(Boarnet et al, , 2005bBuliung et al, 2009;Deehr and Shumann, 2009;Fitzhugh et al, 2010;Garrard and Crawford, 2010;Hinckson and Badland, 2011;Mammen et al, 2014aMammen et al, , 2014bMcDonald et al, 2013;Morrison et al, 2004;Parker et al, 2013) was frequently considered serious.…”

“…Prospective student surveys were most frequently used to capture information in relation to method of travel (Buliung et al, 2011;Garrard and Crawford, 2010;Hinckson and Badland, 2011;Mammen et al, 2014b;McDonald et al, 2013;Wen et al, 2008). Retrospective (Boarnet et al, 2005a;Buliung et al, 2011;Mammen et al, 2014a) and prospective parent surveys (Garrard and Crawford, 2010) were less frequently used.…”

The Effectiveness of Healthy Community Approaches on Positive Health Outcomes in Canada and the United States

“…Another pilot study by Mendoza and colleagues employed a cluster randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of a five week WSB intervention on rates of active commuting and physical activity levels [22]. Most studies employed multifaceted interventions that included education, traffic enforcement and engineering improvements however a few studies utilized only one strategy (commonly walking school bus) to influence active modes of school transportation [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Consistent with the goal of increasing rates of children's active transportation to and from school, most studies focused on reporting intermediary outcomes such as travel behavior and attitudes.…”