Impact of thermal sensation on exercise performance in the heat: a Thermo Tokyo sub-study

Kroesen, Sophie H.; Korte, Johannus Q. de; Hopman, Maria T. E.; Bongers, Coen C. W. G.; Eijsvogels, Thijs M. H.

doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04845-8

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Asterisks denote P values <0.04, with * for 0.04-0.01, ** for 0.01-0.001, and *** for <0.001, whereas exact P values are presented when P = 0.06-0.04. BASIC SCIENCES (19)(20) vs 20 , P = 0.40; AB: temperate vs hot-humid, 20 (19)(20) vs 20 , P = 0.67; ΔHOT-TEMP para vs AB: P = 0.73).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Another explanation for the comparable performance losses between para- and AB athletes may relate to the thermal perception during exercise. Previous studies, involving various exercise protocols (self-paced, constant workload, incremental), demonstrated that thermal perception can influence exercise performance independent of core temperature (17–19). During exercise in the heat, skin temperature elevation may aggravate thermal perception and cardiovascular strain, leading to an increased perceived exertion at a given work rate, and thereby a reduction in voluntary exercise capacity (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Humid Heat Equally Impairs Maximal Exercise Performance in Elite Para-Athletes and Able-Bodied Athletes

Alkemade

Korte

Bongers

et al. 2023

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Purpose This study aimed to compare the impact of hot-humid environmental conditions on performance outcomes, thermoregulatory responses, and thermal perception during exercise between elite para- and able-bodied (AB) athletes. Methods Twenty elite para-athletes (para-cycling and wheelchair tennis) and 20 elite AB athletes (road cycling, mountain biking, beach volleyball) performed an incremental exercise test in a temperate environment (mean ± SD, 15.2°C ± 1.2°C; relative humidity, 54% ± 7%) and a hot-humid environment (31.9°C ± 1.6°C, 72% ± 5%). Exercise tests started with a 20-min warm-up at 70% of maximal heart rate, after which power output increased by 5% every 3 min until volitional exhaustion. Results Time to exhaustion was shorter in hot-humid versus temperate conditions, with equal performance loss for para- and AB athletes (median (interquartile range), 26% (20%–31%) vs 27% (19%–32%); P = 0.80). AB athletes demonstrated larger exercise-induced increases in gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi) in hot-humid versus temperate conditions (2.2 ± 0.7 vs 1.7 ± 0.5, P < 0.001), whereas Tgi responses in para-athletes were similar between conditions (1.3 ± 0.6 vs 1.3 ± 0.4, P = 0.74). Para- and AB athletes showed similar elevations in peak skin temperature (P = 0.94), heart rate (P = 0.67), and thermal sensation score (P = 0.64) in hot-humid versus temperate conditions. Conclusions Elite para-athletes and AB athletes demonstrated similar performance decrements during exercise in hot-humid versus temperate conditions, whereas Tgi elevations were markedly lower in para-athletes. We observed large interindividual variation within both groups, suggesting that in both para- and AB athletes, personalized heat mitigation plans should be developed based on individual thermal testing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Humid Heat Equally Impairs Maximal Exercise Performance in Elite Para-Athletes and Able-Bodied Athletes

Alkemade

Korte

Bongers

et al. 2023

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

Self Cite

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“…Other explanations for the observed differences may relate to exercise and intervention characteristics. For example, thermal perception is known to impact exercise performance in the heat [ 85 ], whereas the magnitude of this effect may be exercise and intervention dependent. Furthermore, the absolute workload, and thus heat production, is likely higher during self-paced exercise compared with constant workload exercise, which could lead to a greater heat storage and associated increments in core temperature, compared with constant workload exercise in comparable environmental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Benefits of Pre- and Per-cooling on Self-paced Versus Constant Workload Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

van de Kerkhof,

Bongers,

Périard

et al. 2023

Sports Med

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Background and Objective Exercise in hot environments impairs endurance performance. Cooling interventions can attenuate the impact of heat stress on performance, but the influence of an exercise protocol on the magnitude of performance benefit remains unknown. This meta-analytical review compared the effects of pre- and per-cooling interventions on performance during self-paced and constant workload exercise in the heat. Methods The study protocol was preregistered at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/wqjb3). A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE from inception to 9 June, 2023. We included studies that examined the effects of pre- or per-cooling on exercise performance in male individuals under heat stress (> 30 °C) during self-paced or constant workload exercise in cross-over design studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized trials. Results Fifty-nine studies (n = 563 athletes) were identified from 3300 records, of which 40 (n = 370 athletes) used a self-paced protocol and 19 (n = 193 athletes) used a constant workload protocol. Eighteen studies compared multiple cooling interventions and were included more than once (total n = 86 experiments and n = 832 paired measurements). Sixty-seven experiments used a pre-cooling intervention and 19 used a per-cooling intervention. Average ambient conditions were 34.0 °C [32.3–35.0 °C] and 50.0% [40.0–55.3%] relative humidity. Cooling interventions attenuated the performance decline in hot conditions and were more effective during a constant workload (effect size [ES] = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44–0.81) compared with self-paced exercise (ES = 0.30, 95% CI 0.18–0.42, p = 0.004). A difference in performance outcomes between protocols was only observed with pre-cooling (ES = 0.74, 95% CI 0.50–0.98 vs ES = 0.29, 95% CI 0.17–0.42, p = 0.001), but not per-cooling (ES = 0.45, 95% CI 0.16–0.74 vs ES = 0.35, 95% CI 0.01–0.70, p = 0.68). Conclusions Cooling interventions attenuated the decline in performance during exercise in the heat, but the magnitude of the effect is dependent on exercise protocol (self-paced vs constant workload) and cooling type (pre- vs per-cooling). Pre-cooling appears to be more effective in attenuating the decline in exercise performance during a constant workload compared with self-paced exercise protocols, whereas no differences were found in the effectiveness of per-cooling.

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“…TS20min, baseline CMJ height, participant and sex were all variables which explained some of the variance within start time. This suggests that TS needs to be increased for start time to improve, although based on the findings of Kroesen et al (2022), too high a TS score can result in a performance deficit, therefore monitoring TS is vital when utilising heat maintenance strategies to ensure TS scores are appropriate. Similarly, TC15min and TS20min were variables which explained some of the variance in CMJ height.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Swimming Start: Measurement, Importance and Enhancement through Pre-Race Interventions

Parrott

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The swimming start is underpinned by horizontal velocity, which is determined by power output on the block and can be enhanced through pre-race interventions. This thesis aimed to determine the accuracy of start times measured using a single panning camera analysis system, to quantify start times to total race time and investigate prerace interventions to enhance start and countermovement jump performance. Study one determined the accuracy and reliability of a single panning camera analysis system to measure start time and within the context of a predetermined smallest worthwhile change (≥ 0.187 s). Systematic error and 95% limits of agreement were lower than the smallest worthwhile change for all start times. Study two quantified start time as a percentage of total race time. Start time was found to contribute up to 26.07% of total race time, with males having a lower start contribution than females, and differences between nationalities also identified. Study three assessed how isometric and ballistic postactivation potentiation conditioning activities impact start and countermovement jump performance. Ballistic postactivation potentiation elicited significantly higher countermovement jump height (p = 0.045) and peak power output (p = 0.004) values compared to the control. No significant differences were found for isometric postactivation potentiation compared to the control. Study four investigated the differences between an insulated, foil lined heat garment and trousers with heat elements across the thighs and calves. No significant changes in performance were found (p > 0.050) despite significantly higher muscle temperatures following active heat maintenance. Peak power output was significantly different following passive heat maintenance compared to the control (p = 0.047). This thesis suggests that coaches with sprint athletes should seek opportunities to enhance start performance, which can contribute a large proportion of total race time. Ballistic postactivation potentiation and passive heat maintenance can significantly increase peak power output and potentially start time, although this is on an individual basis. Pre-race interventions should be trialled within training and can be accurately monitored using a single panning camera analysis system to identify significant changes.

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Impact of thermal sensation on exercise performance in the heat: a Thermo Tokyo sub-study

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

Humid Heat Equally Impairs Maximal Exercise Performance in Elite Para-Athletes and Able-Bodied Athletes

Humid Heat Equally Impairs Maximal Exercise Performance in Elite Para-Athletes and Able-Bodied Athletes

Performance Benefits of Pre- and Per-cooling on Self-paced Versus Constant Workload Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The Swimming Start: Measurement, Importance and Enhancement through Pre-Race Interventions

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