“…As a biosolid, AFR is rich in organic matter, especially proteins, which are as high as 30-50 wt% . Due to the insoluble property, most proteins are difficult to reuse, and the depolymerization process such as acid (Adebiyi et al, 2005;Lopez et al, 2019), alkali (Dabrowska et al, 2022;Solanki et al, 2023), and enzyme hydrolysis (Leni et al, 2020;Pacheco et al, 2023) can be used to release small molecules as nutrient sources (Rezania et al, 2020;Nnaemeka et al, 2021;Chen et al, 2023). Zhang and Zhao.…”