Impact of urbanization on water resources of Pakistan: A review

Abstract

This paper summarizes the various dimensions and impacts of urbanization on Pakistan’s water resources in order to provide foundations for future water policy that will lead towards country’s socio-economic development. Urbanization is considered as a major trend of 21st century in many developing countries. Along with urbanization, increase in population growth in recent years has put a pressure on the world’s water resources in terms of water demand and pollution. Various issues related to water sector in urban areas of Pakistan have been identified including contamination of surface and ground water resources through industrial, agricultural and domestic discharge of waste and waste water, increasing floods, loss of wetlands and aquatic biodiversity, sea water intrusion and subsidence, physical reduction in water resources quantity and quality and operational and managerial incapacities. There are some other issues like unequal water distribution which together with population burden, rapid urbanization and growing industrialization are posing a huge challenge for Pakistan’s water management in 21st century. Taken together all the studies, this review suggests that to reduce vulnerability to water resources of Pakistan, there is a need for new systems of urban planning and governance institutions as the core of Pakistan’s water crisis is water management.

Climate Change and Water Crises in Pakistan: Implications on Water Quality and Health Risks

“…According to the report published by Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), Pakistan ranks 14th out of 17 very high-risk countries affected by water scarcity, as more than 1/3rd of available water is wasted due to bad management [ 29 ]. Since 1962, after the formalization of Indus Water Treaty (IWT) with India, per inhabitant water availability has plummeted from 5229 cubic meters to about 1187 in 2017, which is continuously on the downward slide [ 30 ]. The latest UN report on Pakistan's growing population indicates that by 2050, the population is likely to exceed 366 million [ 31 ], which will compound the water demand, which is predicted to reach 274-million-acre feet (MAF) by 2025 against available water supply of 191 MAF.…”

Impacts of urbanization, LULC, LST, and NDVI changes on the static water table with possible solutions and water policy discussions: A case from Islamabad, Pakistan

“…Frontiers in Environmental Science frontiersin.org overpopulation are posing a serious threat to Pakistan's water supply system (Khan et al, 2019). According to the "Indus Water Treaty", three eastern rivers, the Beas, Ravi, and Sutlej, were allocated to India, while three western rivers, the Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum, were allocated to Pakistan (Qureshi, 2011).…”

The Natural Transform Decomposition Method for Solving Fractional Klein-Gordon Equation

“…Definition 1 [21] [22] [23] [24] The natural transform of a function ( ) g t defined by the integral:…”

“…The integral transform methods are the most impor-tant methods for solving many problems, some of them have been coupled with the other analytical methods to obtain analytic solutions [17] [18] [19] [20] and it has proven effective in solving problems. The natural transform method [21] [22] [23] [24] is an example of the integral transform methods. It is a moderate and effective new method for solving differential equations.…”