Bordetellae are catalase positive and oxidize amino acids, but no carbohydrates are fermented.
Achromobacter
species are Gram‐negative, nonsporulating, small bacilli.
Alcaligenes
species are Gram‐negative, strictly aerobic rods or coccobacilli that possess oxidase and catalase activity. Cells of
Kerstersia
and
Advenella
species are Gram‐negative, small, and rod‐shaped or coccoid and occur alone, in pairs, or in short chains. Motility is strain dependent. Cells from
Paenalcaligenes
species are Gram‐negative, small rods. Many
Achromobacter
species have been recovered from clinical samples or from the hospital environment. Direct fluorescent‐antibody staining (DFA) on nasopharyngeal swabs or aspirates to detect
B. pertussis
or
B. parapertussis
is rapid and simple but lacks adequate sensitivity and specificity; for this reason, DFA is not recommended.