Impact of water quality on chlorine demand of corroding copper

Lytle, Darren A.; Liggett, Jennifer

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.032

Cited by 44 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Favorable levels of heat, 101, 129 mature biofilm accumulation, 130, 131 and presence of eukaryotic hosts 132, 133 are the most frequently observed factors responsible for proliferation. Source-specific conditions, such as low disinfectant residual 134 and stagnant water, 135 both frequently found within premise plumbing, have also been shown to be conducive to Legionella growth. Many water quality parameters frequently associated with poor microbial quality, such as organic carbon 136 and turbidity, 137 have little or sporadic impact on Legionella , while the presence of certain metals such as iron, copper, manganese, and nickel have shown either positive or negative effects in different systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten questions concerning the aerosolization and transmission of Legionella in the built environment

Prussin

Schwake

Marr

2017

Building and Environment

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Legionella is a genus of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria responsible for a serious disease known as legionellosis, which is transmitted via inhalation of this pathogen in aerosol form. There are two forms of legionellosis: Legionnaires' disease, which causes pneumonia-like symptoms, and Pontiac fever, which causes influenza-like symptoms. Legionella can be aerosolized from various water sources in the built environment including showers, faucets, hot tubs/swimming pools, cooling towers, and fountains. Incidence of the disease is higher in the summertime, possibly because of increased use of cooling towers for air conditioning systems and differences in water chemistry when outdoor temperatures are higher. Although there have been decades of research related to Legionella transmission, many knowledge gaps remain. While conventional wisdom suggests that showering is an important source of exposure in buildings, existing measurements do not provide strong support for this idea. There has been limited research on the potential for Legionella transmission through heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Epidemiological data suggest a large proportion of legionellosis cases go unreported, as most people who are infected do not seek medical attention. Additionally, controlled laboratory studies examining water-to-air transfer and source tracking are still needed. Herein, we discuss ten questions that spotlight current knowledge about Legionella transmission in the built environment, engineering controls that might prevent future disease outbreaks, and future research that is needed to advance understanding of transmission and control of legionellosis.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten questions concerning the aerosolization and transmission of Legionella in the built environment

Prussin

Schwake

Marr

2017

Building and Environment

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Fig. 9 (b) shows a dark coloration, typical of a copper oxide such as Cu 2 O [16]. The impact of chlorine on the surface is evident.…”

Section: Surface Analysis Of Copper Couponsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The solutions were changed by using the emptying and filling protocol. Low concentrations solutions were changed every 48 and 72 hours [3] and high concentrations solutions were changed every 96 hours to represents the average stagnation period observed in various buildings, schools and offices [16]. This trial had a 30-day exposure time.…”

Section: Static Immersion Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays copper is widely used for various uses, among them for the pipes manufacture to transport drinking water [15,16] due to its excellent properties, such as thermal and electrical conductivity, good resistance to corrosion and antimicrobial activity, as well as their formability [17,18,19]. However, Atlas et al (1982) [20] showed that free chlorine is the main cause for copper pipes corrosion in chlorinated domestic water supplies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of Residual Chlorine on Copper Pipes in Drinking Water Systems

García-Ávila¹,

Pino²,

Bonifaz-Barba³

et al. 2019

JESTR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Copper pipes corrosion that transport potable water can deteriorate water quality within a distribution system, releasing high copper amounts, exceeding the maximum concentration copper for potable water standards. This study examines the influence of free chlorine on the leaching of copper in the pipes used for the distribution of drinking water. A series of tests was carried out using corrosion test coupons extractable constructed of copper material. The coupons were installed in units containing filtered water (without chlorine, 0 mg/L) and water treated with an average residual chlorine concentration of 0.85 mg/L in the water treatment plant in Azogues city, Ecuador. A corrosion test rack was also installed in a house with an average residual chlorine concentration of 0.37 mg/L. Coupons in these sites were exposed in duplicate for one, two, three and six months. The corrosion coupons were then extracted and weighed to establish the corrosion rate by gravimetric technique. Additional tests were performed in static immersion laboratory tests using drinking water with chlorine concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 5 mg/L for one month. The weight loss tests indicated that an increase in free chlorine concentration, the greater release of copper and therefore a higher corrosion rate.

show abstract

“…20 This phenomenon is responsible for structural damage (pinhole leaks), aesthetic problems (metallic taste and "blue water" phenomenon) and human health risks from released copper into the drinking water. 21,22 Taking into account these adverse consequences, the levels of copper at the tap are regulated: maximum limit of 1.3 mg L À1 according to the US EPA lead and copper rule; 23 2 mg L À1 recommended by the World Health Organization 24 and by the EU Directive 98/83/EC. 25 The interest in using plastic materials emerged as a response to these limitations and to the high cost of copper materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%