Impact of water-related collective action on rural household welfare in the Upper Ewaso Ng’iro North Catchment Area: The application of the endogenous switching regression

Relational rationality in land- and water use: facing Mount Kenya in times of change

“…The statements were informed by results from Chapter 3. Other inputs such as (Baldwin et al, 2018;Kenya Water Act., 2016;Mwaura et al, 2020) were used to improve the final set of statements. These statements were presented in a simple language and pictures for better understanding.…”

“…Part of this includes provision of water services to households through the water services providers. At the local level, WRUAs are collective action units established to support inclusion and active engage- ment of up-, mid-and downstream communities in management of sub-watersheds (Baldwin et al, 2018;Kenya Water Act., 2016;Mwaura et al, 2020) .They constitute of smaller units, the Community Water Projects (CWPs) to which households register to legally access water from the rivers. Members of WRUA set their own rules, establish monitoring framework, incentives, and sanctions to ensure compliance with the rules.…”

“…In this thesis (Chapter 4 and 5), solutions to water scarcity, perceived inequalities and related conflicts were similar to those identified in other studies. They included strengthening of Water Resource Users Association (WRUA) to be able to track water use and sanction (Lesrima et al, 2021;Mwaura et al, 2020;Zafra-Calvo et al, 2020), encouraging household membership to WRUA (Mwaura et al, 2020). One major contribution of this research is that participants in the study, who are members of the community across up-, mid, and downstream parts of the landscape, were able to visualize the problem, discuss and try out several options to land-and water use.…”

“…Modification of rules included: change of farming systems, where all farmers focus on food crops that need less water; and establishing more water harvest-ing facilities. To strengthen monitoring systems, options included increasing participation of households by registering each household to WRUA, this would strengthen surveillance systems, through subscriptions (Mwaura et al, 2020). Participants felt that funds should also be augmented with government funding to avoid over reliance on household payment.…”