“…Many studies have quantified the value of solar with increasing penetration levels (e.g., Lamont 2008;Mills and Wiser 2013;MIT 2015;Denholm et al 2016), and, in select regions, these model-driven estimates have been complemented by empirical observations based on actual market outcomes with growing solar generation, including the U.S. (Brown and O'Sullivan 2020;Bolinger, Seel, Robson, et al 2021) and Germany (Hirth 2013). Related to the grid services provided by solar, entities responsible for the reliable operation of the grid are interested in better understanding the contribution of solar to reliability (Abdel-Karim et al 2016). The impacts of solar on the dispatch of other generators and on wholesale prices, meanwhile, have been modeled with growing shares of solar (Mills and Wiser 2013;Lew et al 2013;Deetjen et al 2016;Brinkman et al 2016;Bloom et al 2016;Bistline 2017).…”