Impact of wind in urban planning: A comparative study of cooling and natural ventilation systems in traditional Iranian architecture across three climatic zones

Abstract

This study explores the role of wind in shaping traditional Iranian architecture across three distinct climatic zones: cold mountainous (Hajij), hot desert (Yazd), and humid coastal (Rasht) with a focus on passive cooling and natural ventilation techniques. By examining the effects of wind on urban layouts, building orientation, and material selection, the research highlights architectural features such as windcatchers, courtyards, and insulation techniques that enhance thermal comfort across diverse environments. The study employs a comparative approach, analysing architectural adaptations like compact layouts and windbreaks in mountainous regions, and windcatchers and open courtyards in desert areas, illustrating how vernacular architecture aligns with each climate’s challenges. Using a combination of EnergyPlus simulations, field observations, and quantitative climate data, this research validates the efficiency of these traditional methods in moderating indoor temperatures, reducing energy demands, and providing sustainable comfort solutions. Comparative tables demonstrate the architectural adaptations across Rasht, Yazd, and Hajij, with metrics on urban density, building orientation, and material thermal properties. The findings underscore the enduring relevance of these ancient strategies in modern sustainable design, offering valuable insights for energy efficient, climate-responsive urban planning that minimises reliance on mechanical systems. By re-evaluating these indigenous cooling strategies, the study advocates for an integrated approach that merges local knowledge with modern sustainability practices, fostering resilience in architectural design for varied climatic contexts.