Impact on HIV-1 RNA Levels and Antibody Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in HIV-Infected Individuals

Portillo, Vera; Fedeli, Chiara; Alonso, Pilar Ustero; Petignat, Ianis; Costa, Ellen Cristina Mereles; Sulstarova, Adi; Jaksic, Cyril; Yerly, Sabine; Calmy, Alexandra

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.820126

Cited by 29 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Interestingly, anti-spike plasma IgG titers were still significant after 6 months post priming compared to baseline in most patients. Differently from what observed by Portillo and colleagues for anti-RBD antibodies, we did not find any statistical difference when comparing PLWHIV antibody titres to the HCs at all time-points, though it could be influenced by the different assay technology or different mRNA formulations (17). More than 80% of the percentage of PLWHIV showed a positive ACE2/RBD inhibition activity at +60 v2, that declined up to 54% at +150 v2.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Immunological studies on healthy subjects vaccinated with nanoparticles-based mRNA formulations (12) clearly show the persistence of circulating Spike-specific antibodies and immune memory cells at least after six months from vaccination (13,14). Up to date, longitudinal data regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccine humoral response in PLWHIV do not suggest a reduced persistence of circulating antibody compared to healthy subjects (15)(16)(17). However, considering HIV-induced immunological impairments (18), It is of primary importance to investigate the induction and persistence of spike-specific memory B cells in PLWHIV upon vaccination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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B cell response six months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy

Polvere

Fabbiani²,

Pastore

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have demonstrated high immunogenicity in healthy subjects and preliminary results for people living with HIV (PLWHIV) are promising too. We have previously reported the persistence of spike-specific circulating IgG and memory B cells in healthy adults up to six months after mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Unfortunately, limited longitudinal data are available for PLWHIV and no evidence of persistent spike-specific B cells have been reported yet. Methods We investigated the humoral response and the persistence of spike-specific memory B cells up to six months after vaccination with two doses of mRNA vaccines in 84 PLWHIV under ART and compared them to healthy controls (HCs). Humoral response was analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and with an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and receptor binding domain (RBD) inhibition assay. PBMCs were analyzed with a cytofluorimetric approach for B cell phenotyping. Findings Spike-specific IgG peaked 1 month after second dose and persisted up to six months after vaccination with no significant differences compared to HCs. The stratification of patients according to CD4+ T cell count showed a significantly lower IgG response in case of CD4<350/μ, remarking the relevance of immune reconstitution. The ability of IgG of blocking the binding between ACE2 and RBD was detected in 58.4% of PLWHIV, compared to 86.2% in HCs. The amount of circulating spike-specific memory B cells detected in PLWHIV six months after vaccination was not significantly different from HCs, while there was prevalence of antigen-specific double negative (IgD-/CD27-) cells, compared to controls. Interpretation In conclusion, the majority of PLWHIV developed spike-specific humoral and B cell responses that persist for at least six months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. However, hints of HIV-dependent immune impairment were revealed by altered spike-specific B cell phenotypes and by reduced spike-specific humoral response in patients with low CD4+ T cell count (<350/μl).

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

B cell response six months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy

Polvere

Fabbiani²,

Pastore

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Another study also reported consistently lower antibody titer level post-vaccination for PLWH at multiple time points; however, the median age of PLWH in the study was 54 years compared to 30 years in the comparators ( 24 ). Their results could have been affected by age imbalance between the groups since evidence suggests older individuals have lower quantitative anti-spike IgG after vaccination ( 25 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

No difference in anti-spike antibody and surrogate viral neutralization following SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in persons with HIV compared to controls (CO-HIV Study)

et al. 2023

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BackgroundUnderstanding the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination will enable accurate counseling and inform evolving vaccination strategies. Little is known about antibody response following booster vaccination in people living with HIV (PLWH).MethodsWe enrolled SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated PLWH and controls without HIV in similar proportions based on age and comorbidities. Participants completed surveys on prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, and comorbidities, and provided self-collected dried blood spots (DBS). Quantitative anti-spike IgG and surrogate viral neutralization assays targeted wild-type (WT), Delta, and Omicron variants. We also measured quantitative anti-nucleocapsid IgG. The analysis population had received full SARS-CoV-2 vaccination plus one booster dose. Bivariate analyses for continuous outcomes utilized Wilcoxon tests and multivariate analysis used linear models.ResultsThe analysis population comprised 140 PLWH and 75 controls with median age 58 and 55 years, males 95% and 43%, and DBS collection on 112 and 109 days after the last booster dose, respectively. Median CD4 count among PLWH was 760 cells/mm3 and 91% had an undetectable HIV-1 viral load. Considering WT, Delta, and Omicron variants, there was no significant difference in mean quantitative anti-spike IgG between PLWH (3.3, 2.9, 1.8) and controls (3.3, 2.9, 1.8), respectively (p-values=0. 771, 0.920, 0.708). Surrogate viral neutralization responses were similar in PLWH (1.0, 0.9, and 0.4) and controls (1.0, 0.9, 0.5), respectively (p-values=0.594, 0.436, 0.706).ConclusionsPLWH whose CD4 counts are well preserved and persons without HIV have similar anti-spike IgG antibody levels and viral neutralization responses after a single SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination.

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“…Previous studies reported no correlation between undetectable plasma HIV viremia, conventionally defined as plasma HIV RNA lower than 20 copies/mL [ 22 ] or 30 copies/mL [ 23 ], and humoral response, so we planned to separately evaluate the impact of persistent plasma HIV RNA complete suppression, defined as confirmed undetectable plasma HIV RNA versus low level HIV viremia, to show if absence of clinically quantifiable ongoing viremia could influence response to the COVID-19 vaccine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral Response after Two Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Has a Role in Predicting Response after Three Doses That Is Related to Plasma HIV Viremia and Nadir CD4+ Cell Count in HIV-Positive Patients

et al. 2022

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We investigated the spike IgG levels of HIV+ patients on antiretroviral therapy six months after they received their second dose (T2) and six months after the third dose (T3) of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, as well as the influence of different levels of plasma HIV viremia of overall CD4+ cell count and nadir value on the humoral time course. One hundred eighty-four patients were enrolled. The median age was 55 years, the median CD4+ cell count was 639 cells/mm3 and the median nadir value was 258 cells/mm3. On the basis of all tests performed during the study period, persistently undetectable plasma HIV RNA (PUD) was found in 66 patients, low-level viremia (LLV) in 57 and ongoing viremia (OV) in 61. Serum levels of IgG antibodies against a trimeric S-protein antigen were tested with DiaSorin Liaison SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG and the response was classified as optimal (>75th percentile), intermediate (50th–25th percentile) and low (<25th percentile). The frequencies of the three different patterns of plasma HIV viremia (PUD, LLV and OV) were comparable in patients with low, intermediate and optimal IgG response evaluated at T2, with no difference in overall CD4+ cell count or nadir count. At T3, 92.9% of patients achieved an optimal response: T2 response proved to be the most important factor in predicting T3 optimal response in patients with LLV and OV.A nadir value ≤ 330 cells/mm3 had 100% sensitivity in predicting a non-optimal response. In conclusion, we demonstrated the persistence of anti-spike IgG, with high serum levels occurring in most patients six months after the third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and a predictive role of humoral response at T2 in subjects with detectable plasma HIV viremia. Immunological alterations related to past immunodeficiency may persist despite immune reconstitution, and the nadir value could be a useful tool for elaborating personalized vaccine schedules.

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Impact on HIV-1 RNA Levels and Antibody Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in HIV-Infected Individuals

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

B cell response six months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy

B cell response six months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy

No difference in anti-spike antibody and surrogate viral neutralization following SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in persons with HIV compared to controls (CO-HIV Study)

Humoral Response after Two Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Has a Role in Predicting Response after Three Doses That Is Related to Plasma HIV Viremia and Nadir CD4+ Cell Count in HIV-Positive Patients

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