Impact orientation can significantly affect the outcome of a blunt impact to the rabbit patellofemoral joint

Ewers, Benjamin J.; Weaver, Brian T.; Haut, Roger C.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(02)00230-0

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…17,18 Other studies have shown that the extent and distribution of cell death in cartilage are dependent on the rate and orientation of joint loading. 19,20 Although the cause of injury was not recorded in our study, the mechanisms generally involve relatively high rates of impact resulting from motor vehicle collisions, falls, or acts of violence. These types of injury can involve acute impact to the cartilage surface, either by a foreign object or by a bone-on-bone mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Viability and apoptosis of human chondrocytes in osteochondral fragments following joint trauma

Hembree

Ward

Furman

et al. 2007

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume

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Post-traumatic arthritis is a frequent consequence of articular fracture. The mechanisms leading to its development after such injuries have not been clearly delineated. A potential contributing factor is decreased viability of the articular chondrocytes. The object of this study was to characterise the regional variation in the viability of chondrocytes following joint trauma. A total of 29 osteochondral fragments from traumatic injuries to joints that could not be used in articular reconstruction were analysed for cell viability using the fluorescence live/dead assay and for apoptosis employing the TUNEL assay, and compared with cadaver control fragments. Chondrocyte death and apoptosis were significantly greater along the edge of the fracture and in the superficial zone of the osteochondral fragments. The middle and deep zones demonstrated significantly higher viability of the chondrocytes. These findings indicate the presence of both necrotic and apoptotic chondrocytes after joint injury and may provide further insight into the role of chondrocyte death in post-traumatic arthritis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Viability and apoptosis of human chondrocytes in osteochondral fragments following joint trauma

Hembree

Ward

Furman

et al. 2007

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume

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“…Results from such measurements, however, often propose inexact thresholds based on limited groups of mechanical parameters, preventing the extraction of specific thresholds (e.g., Refs. [12,20,22], and [31][32][33][34][35]). When such thresholds are reported, they are often inconsistent between studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale Strain as a Predictor of Impact-Induced Fissuring in Articular Cartilage

Henak

Bartell

Cohen

et al. 2017

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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Mechanical damage is central to both initiation and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, specific causal links between mechanics and cartilage damage are incompletely understood, which results in an inability to predict failure. The lack of understanding is primarily due to the difficulty in simultaneously resolving the high rates and small length scales relevant to the problem and in correlating such measurements to the resulting fissures. This study leveraged microscopy and high-speed imaging to resolve mechanics on the previously unexamined time and length scales of interest in cartilage damage, and used those mechanics to develop predictive models. The specific objectives of this study were to: first, quantify bulk and local mechanics during impact-induced fissuring; second, develop predictive models of fissuring based on bulk mechanics and local strain; and third, evaluate the accuracy of these models in predicting fissures. To achieve these three objectives, bovine tibial cartilage was impacted using a custom spring-loaded device mounted on an inverted microscope. The occurrence of fissures was modulated by varying impact energy. For the first objective, during impact, deformation was captured at 10,000 frames per second and bulk and local mechanics were analyzed. For the second objective, data from samples impacted with a 1.2 mm diameter rod were fit to logistic regression functions, creating models of fissure probability based on bulk and local mechanics. Finally, for the third objective, data from samples impacted with a 0.8 mm diameter rod were used to test the accuracy of model predictions. This study provides a direct comparison between bulk and local mechanical thresholds for the prediction of fissures in cartilage samples, and demonstrates that local mechanics provide more accurate predictions of local failure than bulk mechanics provide. Bulk mechanics were accurate predictors of fissure for the entire sample cohort, but poor predictors of fissure for individual samples. Local strain fields were highly heterogeneous and significant differences were determined between fissured and intact samples, indicating the presence of damage thresholds. In particular, first principal strain rate and maximum shear strain were the best predictors of local failure, as determined by concordance statistics. These data provide an important step in establishing causal links between local mechanics and cartilage damage; ultimately, data such as these can be used to link macro- and micro-scale mechanics and thereby predict mechanically mediated disease on a subject-specific basis.

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“…This study showed that pelvic tolerance decreases to 6.8 kN with an initially flexed-adducted hip-femur-knee complex in contrast to the 10 kN tolerance with a straightened knee-femur complex for pure femoral bone trauma. Similar analyses of initial position effects on injury occurrence, mechanism and tolerance were advanced for the knee by Ewers et al, for the neck by Pintar et al and Maiman et al, and for the lower extremity by Yoganandan et al Yoganandan et al, 1996c;Yoganandan et al, 1997a, b;Pintar et al, 1998a, b;Yoganandan et al, 1999a, b;Ewers et al, 2002;Maiman et al, 2002). Such out-of-position analyses on changes in injury metrics and identification of injury as a function of occupant age are not available for side impacts.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 68%

Biomechanics of side impact: Injury criteria, aging occupants, and airbag technology

Yoganandan

Pintar

Stemper

et al. 2007

Journal of Biomechanics

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This paper presents a survey of side impact trauma-related biomedical investigations with specific reference to certain aspects of epidemiology relating to the growing elderly population, improvements in technology such as side airbags geared toward occupant safety, and development of injury criteria. The first part is devoted to the involvement of the elderly by identifying variables contributing to injury including impact severity, human factors, and national and international field data. This is followed by a survey of various experimental models used in the development of injury criteria and tolerance limits. The effects of fragility of the elderly coupled with physiological changes (e.g., visual, musculoskeletal) that may lead to an abnormal seating position (termed out-of-position) especially for the driving population are discussed. Fundamental biomechanical parameters such as thoracic, abdominal and pelvic forces; upper and lower spinal and sacrum accelerations; and upper, middle and lower chest deflections under various initial impacting conditions are evaluated. Secondary variables such as the thoracic trauma index and pelvic acceleration (currently adopted in the United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards), peak chest deflection, and viscous criteria are also included in the survey. The importance of performing research studies with specific focus on out-of-position scenarios of the elderly and using the most commonly available torso side airbag as the initial contacting condition in lateral impacts for occupant injury assessment is emphasized.

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Impact orientation can significantly affect the outcome of a blunt impact to the rabbit patellofemoral joint

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Viability and apoptosis of human chondrocytes in osteochondral fragments following joint trauma

Viability and apoptosis of human chondrocytes in osteochondral fragments following joint trauma

Multiscale Strain as a Predictor of Impact-Induced Fissuring in Articular Cartilage

Biomechanics of side impact: Injury criteria, aging occupants, and airbag technology

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