Impacts of ambient air pollution on UNESCO world cultural heritage sites in Eastern Asia: Dose-response calculations for material corrosions

Broomandi, Parya; Jahanbakhshi, Ali; Fathian, Aram; Darynova, Zhuldyz; Janatian, Nasime; Nikfal, Amirhossein; Kim, Jong Ryeol; Karaca, Ferhat

doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101275

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…However, not all the problems involved in corrosion are based on the materials, there are also problems of environmental pollution 3 . For example, the built environment materials are mainly affected by HNO 3 , SO 2 , and PM 10 compounds influencing corrosion 4 . In addition, corrosion represents a severe problem in various areas such as pipes 5 , medicinal materials 6 , semiconductor packages 7 , automotive industry 8 , and construction 9 , among others.…”

Section: Study Of the Anticorrosive Behavior Of Samarium As A Corrosi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the anticorrosive behavior of samarium as a corrosion inhibitor in multilayer systems for aluminum alloy

Mendez

Rojas

Bueno

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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This study shows a multilayer system based on samarium compounds as a corrosion inhibitor and a continuous SiO2 layer by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) as a protective barrier for aluminim alloy AA3003. One of the main advantages of this new coating is that it does not require vacuum chambers, which makes it easy to incorporate into production lines for automotive and aeronautical components, etc. The deposit of samarium corrosion inhibitor was carried out by two methods for comparison, the immersion method and a novel method to deposit corrosion inhibitor by APPJ. The multilayer system generated was homogeneous, continuous, adherent, and dense. The electrochemical behavior shows that the samarium compound was completely oxidized on coatings by the immersion method and favors corrosion. The APPJ deposition method shows a protective behavior against corrosion by both samarium compounds and silica depositions. XPS analyses show that the amount of Sm(OH)3 increases by the APPJ method compared with the immersion method since the spectrum of O1s is mainly controlled by OH. It was determined that the best processing times for the electrochemical study of the multilayer system were 40 min for the immersion method and 30 s for the APPJ method for the layer of corrosion inhibitor. In the case of the SiO2 barrier layer by APPJ, the best time was 60 s of exposure to the plasma jet and this coating could reduce the corrosion of AA3003 by 31.42%.

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Section: Study Of the Anticorrosive Behavior Of Samarium As A Corrosi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the anticorrosive behavior of samarium as a corrosion inhibitor in multilayer systems for aluminum alloy

Mendez

Rojas

Bueno

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…The degradation rate of heritage structures has decreased owing to the air quality improvement over the past 15 years, but the incremental risk remains at a high level. The gradual and cumulative deterioration of heritage structures proceeds with any amount of pollutants [86,87], and the deterioration can be intensified by rising temperatures, prolonged wetness, and the deposition of pollutants [88,89]. Currently, China's heritage conservation focuses on extreme event response such as collapse induced by heavy rain and takes little consideration of creeping deterioration.…”

Section: The Losses Avoided From Air Quality Improvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the Potential Co-Benefit of Air Quality Improvement on Cultural Heritage in China

Wang

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Atmospheric pollutants can corrode heritage materials, especially stone, which can cause a great loss that goes far beyond the economic losses of the degraded materials. Over the past decades, conventional air pollutants have been slashed owing to clean air actions in China, which produces a significant co-benefit for heritage conservation. However, the benefits may be offset by increases in the photochemical oxidants in smog, such as ozone, which damage heritage materials. This study employed dose–response functions to quantify the impacts of air pollutants on the surface recession of the limestone of heritage structures in China, and assessed the potential benefits of air quality improvement for heritage conservation. The results show that the annual recession rate decreased from 9.69 μmy−1 in 2006 to 6.71 μmy−1 in 2020, resulting in a 41.4% increase in the number of heritage sites meeting the ICP Materials (International Co-operative Program on Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments) control target of 8 µmy−1 for 2020. The air quality improvement avoided CNY 136.2 million in heritage site maintenance costs. The recession risk shows distinct regional differences; the southern and northwest regions are still at a higher material corrosion level than the northern and Qinghai–Tibet regions. Nationwide, PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) is the main risk factor responsible for the surface recession of limestone material of heritage structures in China. The study provides evidence for the benefits of air quality improvement for heritage conservation. Further, the study also puts forward policy recommendations for heritage conservation, including assessing pollution risk, promoting heritage conservation through social sustainability, and implementing differentiated conservation strategies.

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“…For example, heat and moisture-induced stress physically damage building materials [2]. Air pollution causes mechanical, chemical and aesthetic deterioration [3][4][5]. These environmental stressors not only cause physical damage to heritage buildings but also threaten their users' health and well-being.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping Vertical Greening on Urban Built Heritage Exposed to Environmental Stressors–A Case Study in Antwerp, Belgium

Kale,

De Groeve,

Pinnel

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Urbanisation amplifies environmental stressors, including heat, air and noise pollution, while constraining horizontal space for green areas. Vertical greening (VG) offers a sustainable alternative to mitigate these environmental stressors and enhance the well-being of urban residents, particularly in densely built areas. However, heritage buildings are often excluded from VG initiatives due to concerns regarding potential damage caused by invasive plants. Nonetheless, these concerns mainly apply to abandoned structures lacking proper maintenance, overlooking the implementations of VG on urban built heritage. This study addresses this research gap through an evidence-based framework under three main research questions; first, by studying the presence of VG implementations in urban built heritage among neighbourhoods that lack green spaces and face high environmental stressors; second, by investigating the heritage designation status of buildings with VG; last, by analysing street morphologies where most VG implementations are observed. Antwerp, Belgium, a historical city actively promoting VG initiatives, is selected as the study area. Environmental risk index maps for historic urban areas are used for determining case studies among 63 neighbourhoods. VG implementations in three selected neighbourhoods are documented using GIS and field surveying methods. The results reveal that VG is implemented on up to 7–14% of buildings in these neighbourhoods. In the Historical Centre, 59% of these VG implementations are observed on heritage buildings. In densely built neighbourhoods with limited green space, neither narrow streets nor the heritage designation status of buildings hinders VG implementations. This illustrates the great potential for heritage buildings in adopting such types of nature-based solutions, nevertheless requiring proper guidance and integration strategies for implementing VG on heritage buildings. While these results are specific to the study locations, they provide valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners, supporting them to further explore the environmental contributions of VG on heritage buildings and create effective integration strategies.

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Impacts of ambient air pollution on UNESCO world cultural heritage sites in Eastern Asia: Dose-response calculations for material corrosions

Cited by 6 publications

References 68 publications

Study of the anticorrosive behavior of samarium as a corrosion inhibitor in multilayer systems for aluminum alloy

Study of the anticorrosive behavior of samarium as a corrosion inhibitor in multilayer systems for aluminum alloy

Quantifying the Potential Co-Benefit of Air Quality Improvement on Cultural Heritage in China

Mapping Vertical Greening on Urban Built Heritage Exposed to Environmental Stressors–A Case Study in Antwerp, Belgium

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