“…Various studies highlighted how respondents' household characteristics influence willingness to participate in and pay for water-based ecosystem services. Characteristics such as age, gender, education level of the household head, and cultivated land area are key predictors of willingness to pay (Biswas & Venkatachalam, 2015;Gebretsadik & Romstad, 2020;Phan, Bertone, Pham, & Pham, 2021;Rodríguez-Tapia et al, 2017;Tang et al, 2022;Hien, Kien, & Koji, 2023). For instance, older individuals show more concern about water quality and are willing to pay for improvements, while higher education levels correlate with increased willingness to pay for urban domestic water supply (Rodríguez-Tapia, 2017;Bui et al, 2022).…”